TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE —————————————————————————————————————————————– I
DECLARATION———————————————————————————————————————————— II
CERTIFICATION———————————————————————————————————————————- III
DEDICATION————————————————————————————————————————————– IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ————————————————————————————————————————–V
TABLE OF CONTENT ———————————————————————————————————————– VI-XI
ABSTRACT —————————————————————————————————————————————-XII
INTRODUCTION——————————————————————————————————————————— 1-3
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Background to the Study ———————————————————————————————————————–4
1.2 Statement Of Architectural Problems ——————————————————————————————————–5
1.3 Motivation —————————————————————————————————————————————6
1.4 Aims ———————————————————————————————————————————————-7
1.5 Objectives ————————————————————————————————————————————–8
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1.6 Scope Of Project ——————————————————————————————————————————8
1.6.1 The Site —————————————————————————————————————————————9
1.6.2 The Main Building ———————————————————————————————————————10-13
1.6.3 The Clinic ———————————————————————————————————————————–14
1.6.4 The Staff Accommodation —————————————————————————————————————-14
1.7 Project Justification ————————————————————————————————————————14
1.8 Definition Of Terms ——————————————————————————————————————15 -18
1.9 Research Methodology ——————————————————————————————————————-18
CHAPTER TWO
2.0. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. History of Disaster —————————————————————————————————————————–19
2.2. The Origins of Disaster Management ————————————————————————————————–20- 21
2.3. History of Disaster Management in Nigeria ——————————————————————————————-22 -23
2.4. Disaster ——————————————————————————————————————————————24
2.4.1 Types of Disaster ———————————————————————————————————————–25- 35
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2.4.2 Implications of Disasters on Our Region and Environment —————————————————————-36- 38
2.5 Disaster Management Cycle ———————————————————————————————————–39- 42
2.6 Technical Information ——————————————————————————————————————42- 44
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 CASE STUDY—————————————————————————————————————————– 45
3.1 CASE STUDY ONE —————————————————————————————————————————46
Enugu State Fire Service Station——————————————————————————————————————46
3.1.1 Location ——————————————————————————————————————————46
3.1.2 Client ———————————————————————————————————————————46
3.1.3 Architect —————————————————————————————————————————–46
3.1.4 Brief History ————————————————————————————————————————46
3.1.5 Functions —————————————————————————————————————————-46
3.1.6 Mode Of Operation —————————————————————————————————————–47
3.1.7 Challenges—————————————————————————————————————————-47
3.1.8 Programme Element —————————————————————————————————————-47
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3.1.9 Planning Concept —————————————————————————————————————48-49
3.1.10 Environmental Control ————————————————————————————————————50
3.1.11 Services Needed ——————————————————————————————————————–50
3.1.12 General Appraisal ——————————————————————————————————————51
3.1.13 Construction Materials ————————————————————————————————————-51
3.1.14 Merits ——————————————————————————————————————————–52
3.1.15 Demerits —————————————————————————————————————————–52
3.1.16 Drawings ————————————————————————————————————————51- 55
3.1.17 0rganisational Chart —————————————————————————————————————-56
3.2 CASE STUDY TWO
National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA)
3.2.1 Location —————————————————————————————————————————– 57
3.2.2 Programme Element ————————————————————————————————————57-59
3.2.3 Merits ——————————————————————————————————————————–60
3.2.4 Demerits —————————————————————————————————————————–60
3.2.5 Challenges —————————————————————————————————————————60
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3.2.6 Possible Solutions ——————————————————————————————————————60
3.2.7 Organisational Chart —————————————————————————————————————61
3.2.8 Drawings————————————————————————————————————————-62-64
3.3 CASE STUDY THREE
Disaster Management Centre For Ehlanzeni District Municipality, South Africa.
3.3.1 Location —————————————————————————————————————————–65
3.3.2 Objectives —————————————————————————————————————————65
3.3.3 Program Element ——————————————————————————————————————-66
3.3.4 Merits ——————————————————————————————————————————–67
3.3.5 Demerits —————————————————————————————————————————–67
3.3.6 Drawings ————————————————————————————————————————-68-71
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 PLANNING AND DESIGN REQUIREMENT
4.1 The Site ——————————————————————————————————————————————72
4.1.1 Geographical Location ——————————————————————————————————————-72
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4.1.2 Site Selection Criteria ————————————————————————————————————–72
4.1.2 Location Maps ——————————————————————————————————————73-78
4.2 Climate Of Port Harcourt, River State ————————————————————————————————79-80
4.3 Planning Considerations
4.3.1 Access and Circulation ————————————————————————————————————81
4.3.2 Gradient And Slope —————————————————————————————————————-81
4.3.3 Solar Radiation ———————————————————————————————————————-82
4.3.4 Wind Direction ———————————————————————————————————————-82
4.3.5 Noise ———————————————————————————————————————————83
4.3.6 Orientation —————————————————————————————————————————84
4.3.7 Vegetation ———————————————————————————————————————–85 87
4.4 Design Considerations ———————————————————————————————————————-88
4.4.1 Technical Data —————————————————————————————————————–89- 92
4.4.2 Spaces and Their Relationships ———————————————————————————————94-104
4.4.3 Materials for Construction ——————————————————————————————————-105
4.4.4 Aesthetics ————————————————————————————————————————–105
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4.4.5 Services ———————————————————————————————————————-106-110
4.4.6 Lighting ———————————————————————————————————————-111- 113
4.4.7 Ventilation ————————————————————————————————————————-114
4.4.8 Thermal Comfort ——————————————————————————————————————115
4.4.9 Fire Safety ——————————————————————————————————————–116-120
4.5 Space Requirements ———————————————————————————————————————121-130
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DESIGN SYNTHESIS
5.1 Planning And Design Philosophy ———————————————————————————————————–131
5.2 Design Concept ——————————————————————————————————————————-132
5.3 Concept Derivation —————————————————————————————————————————133
5.4 Form of the Building ————————————————————————————————————————-134
CONCLUSION ————————————————————————————————————————————135
BIBLIOGRAPHY —————————————————————————————————————————136-137
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INTRODUCTION
“Disaster management” can be defined as the range of activities designed to maintain control over disaster and emergency situations and
to provide a framework for helping at-risk persons to avoid or recover from the impact of the disaster. Disaster management deals with
situations that occur prior to, during, and after the disaster. Globally, there has been lots of disaster on land, air and sea, though these disasters
may be natural or man-made, it has however led to the destruction of lives and properties worth billions of Naira.
In Nigeria, there have been instance of earth tremors in Ogun state in 1994, several cases of flood has occurred in Nigeria, in July 2012,
363 people killed, over 2,100,000 displaced, Areas affected include, Adamawa, Taraba, Plateau, and Benue state. On 2nd July 2012, many
Nigerian coastal and inland cities experienced heavy rains, and residents of Lagos state were “gasping for breath” due to the flooding. In
addition, there was a gridlock on major roads, causing people to cancel or postpone appointments they may have had. Thousands of stranded
commuters had to pay increased fares for the few bus drivers who were willing to risk travelling on the roads, and construction of work by the
Nigerian government on the inner Oke-Afa Road took a “heavy toll.” In mid-July 2012, flooding in the Ibadan metropolis caused some
residents at Challenge, Oke-Ayo, and Eleyele to flee from their residences and save their lives. The flooding also prevented some Christians
from attending churches in the morning, while a few bridges caved in. The Nigerian government said that certain structures on waterways had
to be demolished as a result of the flooding, while Commissioner for Information and Orientation, Bosun Oladele, announced that there
weren’t any casualties from the flooding. Although, most of the disasters that Nigerians face are generally preventable, such as aircraft crash,
boat mishap, floods, landslides, fire out breaks, oil spillage etc, can actually be prevented.
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Disaster is an event, natural or man-made, sudden or progressive, which impacts with such severity that the affected community or
individual has to respond by taking exceptional measures.
Disaster Management is the systematic observation and analysis of disasters to improve measures relating to prevention, mitigation,
preparedness, emergency response and recovery. It is also the range of activities designed to maintain control over disaster and emergency
situations and to provide a framework for helping at-risk persons to avoid or recover from the impact of the disaster and deals with situations
that occur prior to, during, and after the disaster.
The term “Disaster Management” encompasses the complete realm of disaster-related activities. Traditionally people tend to think of
disaster management only in terms of the post-disaster actions taken by relief and reconstruction officials; yet disaster management covers a
much broader scope, and many modern disaster managers may find themselves far more involved in pre-disaster activities than in post-disaster
response. This is because many persons who work in the development field, or who plan routine economic, urban, regional or agricultural
development projects, have disaster management responsibilities. Disaster management also encompasses the field of emergency assistance
and long-term maintenance for refugees and displaced persons. The refugee field of disaster management is highly specialized and requires
not only many development skills but also a broader awareness of political, legal, and humanitarian issues.
The project is to design a Disaster Management Centre which will serve as a centre for the operational squad and aid for
investigation, assistance and relief of people affected with disasters. The aim of this project is to provide disaster management knowledge and
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skills to enhance the understanding of good (and bad) disaster preparedness and response and their reasons for them. This project introduces
the main principles of Disaster Management, with a focus on disaster response in the developing world.
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CHAPTER ONE
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
THE NEED FOR A DISASTER MANAGEMENT CENTRE
Disaster means a progressive or sudden, widespread or localised, natural or human caused occurrence which causes or threatens to
cause; Death, injury or disease, Damage to property, infrastructure or the environment, Disruption of the life of a community; and is of the
magnitude that exceeds the ability of those affected by the disaster to cope with its effect using only their own resources. A disaster
management centre is needed to:
To implement an integrated and coordinate disaster management policy that focuses on preventing or reducing the risk disasters,
mitigating the severity of disasters, emergency preparedness, rapid and effective response to disasters and post disaster recovery.
To prepare the document that will identify risks, assess risks, risk response development and risk response control.
The purpose of centre is to outline policy and procedures for both proactive disaster prevention and the re-active disaster response and
mitigation phases.
The disaster management centre functions are as follows:
Must specialise in issues concerning disasters within Rivers State.
Act as a repository and conduit for information concerning disasters.
Must perform it functions and exercise powers as stipulated section 44 of the Disaster Management Act, 57 of 2002.
Must liaise and co-ordinate its activities with those of National, State Management centres.
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1.2 STATEMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL PROBLEMS
Architecture is an abstraction from nature and intuition with possibilities of aesthetic accompaniments for overall ambient satisfaction
(Fashuyi, 2004). Nevertheless, this ideological perception must graft with sensitive issues bordering on culture, economy before Architecture
can become acceptable in its right values. However, Architectural Education in Nigeria as presently structured is not responsive to her socioeconomic environment. In fact, it is more suited to problems of urban environment of prosperous economies having nothing in common with
the cultural and economic features of the country (Adesina, 1987). Architectural Education in Nigeria was inherited from the Beaux-Art
concept of Western educational philosophy through the colonial mentors. This tendency is to provide aesthetically satisfying buildings,
irrespective of function.
The design of the Disaster Management Centre will take into cognisance proper functional relationship between each section of the
building to another; the site is located at an area that can be easily accessible from various parts of the state, helicopters are also available to
ease rescue in parts of the states that cannot be easily assessable by land, the structure is responsive to the socio-economic environment in the
state, the structure is aesthetically satisfying, the structure conforms to the building codes and zoning.
Therefore architectural problems of the Disaster Management Centre Are as follows:
The integration of architectural purpose, site, suitable spaces, technical systems and materials.
Inadequate ventilation and natural lightening
Primary and secondary circulation in and around the site.
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1.3 MOTIVATION
Disaster Management is an enormous task. Disasters are not confined to any particular location; neither do they disappear as quickly as
they appear. Therefore, it is imperative that there is proper management to optimize efficiency of planning and response. Due to limited
resources, collaborative efforts at the governmental, private and community levels are necessary. This level of collaboration requires a
coordinated and organized effort to mitigate against, prepare for, respond to, and recover from emergencies and their effects in the shortest
possible time.
The motivation of this project steams from:
The absolute necessity for such a project: Over the years, lives have been lost in natural and man-made disaster primarily due to absence of
a disaster management centre or slow response of rescue team.
The wealth of knowledge, which the project adds to existing information on architectural building types.
The sense of comfort and security inspired by the project, being from the riverine area in the Niger Delta region where the terrain is
difficult and inter-city transport is mostly done by boat, the potential for boat mishaps is rather high.
To reduce subsequent insurance claims and compensation on government and insurance companies.
The passion to create an avenue that will aid for relief to all disaster victims.
To create awareness for the need of disaster management.
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1.4 AIMS
To provide a facility that will improve response to disasters for an initial period after which other sources would assist.
To reduce confusion on the part of all personnel concern in disasters.
To enhance the role of rapid deployment of its personnel in response to emergency
Preventing or reducing the risk of disasters and mitigating the severity or consequences of disasters
A rapid and effective response to disasters and post- disaster recovery and rehabilitation.
To ensure the survival of the maximum possible number of victims, keeping them in the best possible health in the circumstances.
To re-establish self-sufficiency and essential services as quickly as possible for all population groups, with special attention to those whose
needs are greatest: the most vulnerable and underprivileged.
To repair or replace damaged infrastructure and regenerate viable economic activities. To do this in a manner that contributes to long-term
development goals and reduces vulnerability to any future recurrence of potentially damaging hazards.
In cases involving population displacements (due to any type of disaster) the aim is to find durable solutions as quickly as possible, while
ensuring protection and assistance as necessary in the meantime.
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1.5 OBJECTIVES
To create a building for imparting training in disaster prevention, mitigation, preparedness, relief and rehabilitation and also to undertake
research studies, documentation and development of database.
Organize state and regional level conferences/workshops in disaster management and related subjects.
To develop and encourage NGO’s network in the state to manage disasters in the state.
to reduce or avoid the human, physical, and economic losses suffered by individuals, by the society, and by the country at large
To reduce personal suffering and to speed recovery.
1.10 SCOPE OF PROJECT:
This project provides, to a satisfactory level, all the facilities that are needed in the disaster management centre for optimum performance
to manage disaster. There are provisions for effective control, relief and rescue of disasters by mitigating, preparedness, response and
recovery.
The scope of the project is limited to the following;
The design of the Administrative building
The clinic
A staff residential building
Hanger for helicopter
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1.10.1 THE SITE:
This project involves the design of a Centre that aids for Disaster Management, thus, due to the amphibiotic nature of its function,
the facility would require a site that enhances the marine and land base operation, and hence, it is located within the southern section of Port
Harcourt. It can also be accessible through various pedestrian routes emanating from the neighbouring residential zones. This will be dutifully
respected in the cause of designing.
The site is in close proximity to the State secretariat, the Nigerian marine base, Trans Amadi Industrial Layout, Orobum Vimmage (now
called Obunabali). Ogbunabali bound the site on the East, the far North by Trans Amadi Industrial Layout, to the West by the Amadi flat and
old GRA Residential Quarters and the South by Marine Base.
The exterior element in the site include
Parking lots
Sign post
Main building
Clinic
Heliport
Staff Accommodation
Power plant.
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1.10.2 THE MAIN BUILDING: The sections in the Disaster Management Centre include:
Administrative unit
Control unit
Training unit
Maintenance unit
The Aviation operation
The Marine operation
The land operation
Finance unit
Relief and rehabilitation unit
Ware house
Conference hall
Search and rescues unit.
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The Administrative unit:
This is the first point of call as one gets into the building, this department is responsible for all staff matters, appointments, records of
service, welfare of officers, employment etc. This section is responsible for personnel functions and employee services, Personnel functions
cover tracking staff and disaster deployments, obtaining local hires, arranging billeting, and processing payroll while Employee services
include providing for personnel health and safety, overseeing access to medical services, and ensuring security of personnel, facilities, and
assets.
Control Unit:
This is one of the most important units in the centre, it takes care of all emergency calls and make sure they are transmitted as clearly
and as fast as possible to the squad responsible for that particular disaster. The unit will have communication gadgets such as pager systems,
walking talkie, phones, radars, satellites, reception systems global positioning system (G.P.S), to guide the development of a comprehensive
information and communication system and establish integrated communication links with all disaster risk management role players.
This unit has two major tasks: the collection, processing, analysis, and dissemination of information about disaster operations to
support planning and decision making in the field and at the headquarters’ levels; and the coordination of short- and long-term planning in the
field.
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The Training unit:
This unit will be responsible for the training of the rescue squads and will feature necessary fitness facilities. It is also a unit that aids to
promote a culture of risk avoidance among people by capacitating role players through integrated education, training and public awareness
programmes informed by scientific research.
The department of training develops the curriculum and coordinate the human resources development of the agency in addition to
catering for the training needs of the staff on modern skills which qualify them to be good disaster managers as obtain in other part of the
world.
The Maintenance Unit:
This unit takes care of all repairs and daily/weekly check of all the vehicles used for search and rescue operations. The automobile
workshop, electrical workshop, vulcanizing workshop, tailor workshop, spare parts store etc. are all part of the maintenance department.
The Aviation Operations:
This section takes care of disasters not easily assessable by land; it involves the use of helicopters necessary for rapid response to
disasters that occurred in difficult or far terrain.
The Marine Operations:
This unit takes care of offshore disasters such as boat mishap.
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The Land Operations:
This unit will take care of out-breaks and other land accidents where necessary. It will involve provision of parking lots for ambulances;
fire fighting vehicles, motor bikes, personnel carries etc.
The Finance Unit:
This section plans, organizes, and directs logistics operations that include control and accountability for supplies and equipment;
resource ordering; delivery of supplies, equipment, resource tracking, facility location, setup, space management, building services, general
facility operations, Transport coordination and fleet management services, and salary of staff.
The Relief and Rehabilitation Unit:
This unit provides leadership to build, sustain, and improve the coordination and delivery of support and relief to citizens and State,
local, tribal and territorial governments to save lives, reduce suffering, protect property and recover from all hazards. These units also receive
the materials for relief and properly distribute it to affected people.
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1.6.3 THE CLINIC:
Time is a crucial element in Disaster Management. In recognition of this, the agency will have a clinic that will aid in first aid treatment
of victims, and also, there will be ambulances that will convey seriously injured people to bigger hospitals and also convey the dead to the
mortuary.
1.6.4 THE STAFF ACCOMMODATION:
Accommodation will be provided for resident staff of the organization and also for resident doctors that will handle the clinic and all
medical affairs.
1.7 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION
The project is located within the southern section of Port Harcourt. The site is in close proximity to the State secretariat, the Nigerian
marine base, Trans Amadi Industrial Layout; Orobum Vimmage (now called Obunabali). Ogbunabali bound the site on the East, the far North
by Trans Amadi Industrial Layout, to the West by the Amadi flat and old GRA Residential Quarters and the South by Marine Base.
This site was chosen for the following reasons:
It can be assessable through the Eastern bypass road and various pedestrian routes emanating from the neighbouring residential zones
No existing facility defined for this purpose within the area.
The area is very busy and prone to disasters like accidents.
The site can be assessable from land and water.
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1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Disaster: this is an event, natural or man-made, sudden or progressive, which impacts with such severity that the affected community or
individual has to respond by taking exceptional measures.
Disaster management: is the systematic observation and analysis of disasters to improve measures relating to prevention, mitigation,
preparedness, emergency response and recovery.
Disaster management centre: this will serve as a centre for the operational squad and aid for investigation, assistance and relief of people
affected with disasters.
Risk: is the relative degree of probability that a hazardous event will occur. An active fault zone, for example, would be an area of high
risk.
Mitigation: is action taken to reduce both human suffering and property loss resulting from extreme natural phenomena. Measures include
land use planning, improved disaster-resistant building techniques, and better agricultural practices.
Preparedness: encompasses those actions taken to limit the impact of natural phenomena by structuring response and establishing a
mechanism for effecting a quick and orderly reaction. Preparedness activities could include pre-positioning supplies and equipment;
developing emergency action plans, manuals, and procedures; developing warning, evacuation, and sheltering plans; strengthening or
otherwise protecting critical facilities; etc
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Disaster Prevention: this is action taken to eliminate or avoid harmful natural phenomena and their effects. Examples of prevention
include cloud seeding to control meteorological patterns, pest control to prevent locust swarms, erection of dams or levees to prevent
flooding, etc.
Intervention: this refers to an action taken in order to change the course of events. In disaster management the term’s use is similar to the
medical sense, i.e., disaster response initiated from outside the affected community is a form of intervention and, as such, must be handled
with care because it does come from without. It therefore always runs the risk of being more disruptive than productive.
Pre-disaster planning: this is the process of preparing, in advance, to meet a future disaster. Pre-disaster planning consists of disaster
prevention, mitigation, and preparedness.
Vulnerability: this is a condition wherein human settlements, buildings, agriculture, or human health are exposed to a disaster by virtue of
their construction or proximity to hazardous terrain.
Maintenance: refers to the services that are provided to refugees during the period after the emergency but before a permanent solution to
their plight is developed. Maintenance operations may include tracing and family reunification, general care and food distribution, a
variety of social services such as education and cultural activities, and efforts to help the people to become as self-sufficient as possible
under the circumstances.
Evaluation occurs as a refugee operation ends or as a new phase begins. Evaluation should be carried out by every manager and key
members of the staff. The results and lessons learned should become the basis for further emergency preparedness activities.
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Durable (Permanent) Solution is the term used to describe collectively the three long-term solutions that resolve a refugee situationvoluntary repatriation, assimilation, and resettlement to a third country. In this phase, any number of activities can take place including
transportation of the refugees, legal assistance, and provision of financial and material aid to the refugees to help them start their new lives.
If the solution is repatriation or assimilation, the Patterns of assistance often resemble reconstruction and development assistance given to
the victims of natural disasters.
Essential goods and services: this means those products, items, expertise or manufacturers, which are considered of importance or are
indispensable when responding to a disaster.
Hazard: means threats to life, well-being, material goods or the environment.
Head of centre means the person appointed in terms of either section 45 of the Act.
Local disaster means a disaster classified as a local disaster in terms of section 23.
Primary role means that function for which a specific identified role player is best equipped and qualified to perform.
Recovery means decisions and actions taken after a disaster with a view to restoring or improving the pre-disaster living conditions of the
stricken community, while encouraging and facilitating necessary adjustments to reduce disaster risk.
Relief means the provision of assistance or intervention during or immediately after a disaster in order bring relief to people and
communities affected by a disaster.
Risk reduction means measures taken to reduce long-term risks associated with human activity or natural events.
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Role player means an individual or group in society that can contribute meaningfully to the implementation of disaster management.
Secondary role means an additional function that is performed by an identified role player in support of a primary role player.
Emergency: “Is a situation generated by the real or imminent occurrence of an event that requires immediate attention” (key words).
Paying immediate attention to an event or situation as described above is important as the event/situation can generate negative
consequences and escalate into an emergency. The purpose of planning is to minimize those consequences.
Assistance: to help support affected persons with relief materials and make sure it is properly distributed amongst the people.
1.9 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research process for this project was tedious as it was interesting. The research methods used in this project is a descriptive research
that employs survey or observational research method. Typically, the following methods where used for the research:
The use of the library
Site visits
Books and foreign data review
Case studies
Interview and questionnaires
Consultation with my supervisor
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