ABSTRACT
This study looks at the impact of tariff on the economic growth of Nigeria. It
examines the extent to which tariff has brought about economic growth in Nigeria
between the period of 1980-2010. Tariff which is a form of tax or trade restriction
levied on imported goods, in order to encourage the infant industries from
international competitions, this can boost economic growth. The ordinary least
square method of regression was used to analysis the relationship between tariff
and economic growth. the T-test was used to determine the individual parameter
estimate. The F-test was used to determine significance of the entire regression.
Econometric analysis also was used to determine the impact of the tariff and other
variables like real gross domestic product as a proxy to economic growth, export,
exchange rate and trade openness on economic growth in Nigeria. The findings
from the regression result show that tariff has a positive statistical significant
impact on economic growth in Nigeria. In conclusion, tariff including the other
variables all work together to stimulate economic growth. It was recommended
that policy on trade should be made to improve tariff imposition in Nigeria.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Approval page – – – – – – – – – – -i
Dedication — – – – – – – – – – -ii
Acknowledgement – – – – – – – – – -iii
Abstract – – – – – – – – – – – -v
Table of contents – – – – – – – – – – -vi
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study – – – – – – – – -1
1.2 Statement of research problem – – – – – – – -3
1.3 Objective of the research study – – – – – – – -4
1.4 Statement of the hypothesis – – – – – – – -5
1.5 Relevance of the study – – – – – – – – -5
1.6 Limitation of the study – – – – – – – – -6
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Literature Review – – – – – – – – -7
2.2 Theoretical review – – – – – – – – -8
2.3 Arguments for trade barriers – – – – – – – -12
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2.3.1 Infant industry arguments – – – – – – – -12
2.3.2 protecting consumers arguments – – – – – – -13
2.3.3 National security argument – – – – – – – -13
2.3.4 Retaliation argument – – – – – – – – -13
2.3.5 Protecting domestic employment argument – – – – -14
2.3.6 wage protection argument – – – – – – – -14
2.3.7 Protection against dumping – – – – – – – -15
2.4 Empirical literature – – – – – – – – -16
2.5 Limitations previous studies — – – – – – -22
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Methodological Framework – – – – – – – -24
3.2 Model – – – – – – – – – – -25
3.3 Model Specification – – – – – – – – -25
3.4 Economic Aprion (Battery Test) – – – – – – -26
3.4.1 Stationary (Unit Root) Test – – – – – – – -26
3.4.2 Co-Integration – – – – – – – – – -27
3.5 Technique Of Estimation – – – – – – – -27
3.6 Method Of Result Evaluation – – – – – – – -28
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3.7 Source of Data- – – – – – — – – -31
CHAPTER FOUR
EMPIRICAL RESULT
4.1 Presentation of regression results – – – – – – -32
4.1.1 Stationary (unit root analysis) – – – – – – – -32
4.1.2 Co-integration test – – – – – – – – -34
4.2 Evaluation of regression result — – – – – – -35
4.2.1 Evaluation based on economic apriori criteria – – – – -36
4.2.2 Evaluation based on statistical criteria – – – – – -37
4.2.3 Evaluation based on econometric criteria – – – – – -40
4.2.4 Evaluation of research hypothesis – – – – – – -46
4.3 Research findings – – – – – – – – -46
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCULSION
5.1 summary of research findings – – – – – – – -47
5.2 Policy recommendations – – – – – – – – -47
5.3 Conclusion- – – – – – – – – – -50
Bibliography- – – – – – – – – – -51
Appendix- – – – – – – – – – – -53
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY.
Protection in form of tariff and free trade have long been argued in
economic theory and economic history. However , it is possible to say that
the precise relationship between trade barriers in form of tariff or free trade
in the long run economic growth remains a difficult theoretical issue that is
being explored in a variety of ways.
Simithian and Ricardian conclusion reinforced by the Hercscher-ohlin theorem
recommend free trade as the best commercial partners. This doctrine that is
focused on improvement in the level of income is based on static
framework that may limit the interpretation of the long run effect.
Relationship between economic growth and tariffs depends mostly on the
characteristics of a country. Tariff can benefit a country depending on
whether it is developed or developing or developed (a developed one seems
to lose) either big or small country and whether it has comparative advantage
in sector receiving protection. Tariffs are imposed on imported goods and are
used to refer to schedule of duties applicable to a list of commodities as the
commodities imported or exported. These taxes could be assessed either as a
percentage of volume of the commodity concerned (ad valorem), or on the
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basis of some physical features as : weight, length, an specific
gravity.(Johnson,1971).
Tariffs rates vary according to the type of goods imported. Import tariffs will
increase the cost of importers and increase the price of imported goods in
the local markets, thus lowering the quantity of goods imported. Tariffs may
be imposed on export, and in an economy with floating exchange rates,
export tariffs have similar effect as import tariffs .However, since export are
often perceived as „‟hurting‟‟ local industries while import tariffs are
perceived as helping local industries, export tariffs are seldom implemented
(Meier,2000)
Protectionists believe that infant industries must be protected in order to
allow them growth to a point where they can fairly compete with the larger
matured industries established in foreign countries. They believe that without
tariffs, infant industries will die before they reach a size of economies of
scale, industrial infrastructure, and skill in manufacturing have progressed
sufficiently to allow the industry to compete in the global market. They argue
that government have a responsibility to protect their corporations through
tariffs as well as their when putting its companies at a competitive
disadvantage by enacting laws for social goods .They believe that these law
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end up destroying domestic companies and ultimately hurting the citizens,
but these laws were designed to protect.
Tariffs is always seen as a redress to social and economic costs of trade or
as a way of enhancing economic advantages. However, in most cases
economists, argue that erecting barriers on trade impose costs in the
economy that exceeds the benefit gotten. These costs can rise from
insufficient resource allocation, intractable implementation and foreign
retaliation.The precise relationship between tariffs and economic growth has
long remained a difficult theoretical issue that is being explored in variety of
ways. The question often asked by international and development
economists, as well as their supporters is that which one lead to a faster
economic growth, is free trade or protected trade?, economists are still in
search for the acceptable answer to this question.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Tariffs can be used to protect infant industries and this tariff has its
problem it creates. High tariff and other forms of trade barriers have been
regarded as impediments to economic growth. The use of tariffs to protect
and to stimulate the production of the import substitution in Nigeria has
obvious problem. By protectingthese industries, inefficiency may be encouraged.
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High tariffs and other forms have burdened consumers with high price and
have shielded producers from international competition. However a safe
guard against frequent tariff changes and high tariff rates between 1995 to
2005. Nigeria‟s tariffs policy has faced great challenges of cumbersome and
lengthy imports procedures, frequent change in tariff. High duties on
consumer goods widen the gap between applied and bound rate with their
associated negative impact on the economy.
The Nigeria government can make adequate and reliable tariff policies,
and also encourage this infant industries to produce those goods that tariff
has been impose on; the quality of this goods should match those formally
imported. This study should be able to expose how the tariff imposed and the
structure of this tariff, can make an impact on the economic growth of
Nigeria and how this can improve the economy as a whole.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objective of the study are as follows below;
1. To determine the nature of the relationship that exist between tariffs
and economic growth in Nigeria.
2. To investigate if tariff actually leads to economic growth in Nigeria.
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3. To examine the extent to which tariffs imposition has improved
Nigeria‟s economy for the period 1980 to 2010.
4. To identify and analyse the remedy for tariffs impediments inNigeria.
1.4 STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS
The working hypothesis for this study is as follow;
1. – Hi: There is no significant relationship between tariffs and growth, thus
it has not caused any economic growth in Nigeria.
2. –H0: Tariff has influence and impact on economy growth ofNigeria to an
extent.
1.5 RELEVANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will be relevant to the Nigeria society in the following ways;
1. It will help us to understand the tariff structure of Nigeria
2. It will contribute to the literature review
3. It will provide empirical evidence on the nature of relationship that exist
between tariff and economic growth in Nigeria; this will in turn guide policy
makers in their policies formulation.
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4. Investigating into the tariff regime will enable us to know the positive
contributions it has made to improve the export of locally produced goods.
5. It will help the government and policy makers to be able to formulate
adequate policy on trade.
6. It will help us to know, if tariff can lead to economic growth or not Nigeria
1.6 LIMITATIONS OF STUDY
Usually, tariff are in form of excise duties, import tariff and export tariff.
inadequate complete reliable data, as data collected from some economic
journals and textbooks vary from each other. Time is another limitation
encountered by the research
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