ABSTRACT
This project was carried out using bituminous coal (non activated) and the degree of refining of palm oil at different temperature and time using spectrophotometer. This was carried out to check the effectiveness of bituminous coal sample (bleaching earth) as a bleaching agent for palm oil.
The coal (bituminous coal) was collected in lump forms, it was air-dried to remove any moisture content, size reduced to refining process.
In the refining process, 1000g of palm oil was weighed with weighing balance. It was then degummed with citric acid solution and neutralized with sodium hydroxide (NaoH) solution. During the process of degumming and neutralization, the residues were removed from the palm oil by allowing it to settle down in a separating funnel and opening the tap to allow the residue to run off.
100g of palm oil was measured with measuring cylinder into a conical flask, 10g of coal (bituminous coal) sample was weighed with meter. P163 weigh balance using pert dish. The coal contained in the Petri dish was added into the conical flask with the palm oil and stirred properly for about 10 minutes. Then it was transferred to water bath for the required temperature and time interval.
Later the coal sample was removed and filtered out with the aid of filter paper to obtain a filtrates. The experiment was performed for five temperature ie 1000c, 1500c,2000c, 2500c and 3000c and with time interval of 20 mins, 40mins, 60 mins, 80mins and 100mins. The colour change after bleaching was measured using spectrophotometer at 520 wavelength. It was noticed that as the temperature increases with time. The percentage colour reduction of the palm oil increases it the higher the palm oil becomes. It was noticed that for bituminous coal, the smaller the particle size of the coal, the higher the percentage colour reduction and percentage oil retention.
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT vii
TABLE OF CONTENT ix
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION 1
- OBJECTIVE/SCOPE OF THE PROJECT 3
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW 3
- ORIGIN OF PALM OIL
2.1 PROCESSING OF PALM OIL
- PROPERTIES OF PALM OIL 16
- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PALM OIL 16
- CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PALM OIL 17
- CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND 18
2.4.1 COMPONENTS OF PALM OIL
- USES OF PALM OIL 20
- HISTORY OF COAL 21
- COAL FORMATION 21
- PRODUCTION OF COAL 23
- MINING
- PREPARATION OF COAL 24
- PROPERTIES OF COAL 29
- RANK AND CLASSIFICATION OF COAL 34
- COAL UTILIZATION 41
- REFINING OF CRUDE PALM OIL 57
- ADSORPTION 65
CHAPTER THREE
- EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE 77
- THE RATE OF ADSORPTION OF PALM OIL WITH BITUMINOUS COAL 79
- DETERMINATION OF THE COLOUR CHANGE82
- THE EFFECT OF STIRRING 92
CHAPTER FOUR
EXPERIMENTAL RESULT 104
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION 120
CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION 122
REFERENCE 125
APPENDIX 128
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
Our nation Nigeria is gifted and blessed with talents and many mineral resources, which includes crude oil, palm oil, clay and coal etc. some of these natural mineral are exported while some at times are refined for the purpose of foreign exchange. Nigeria being one of the developing countries, the dependence of the local industries nad factories on imported raw material is presently causing problem which results in the high standard of living and economic degradation.
Some of these mineral resources because they are crude or unrefined in the natural sense, they must be refined so that it will be fit for human consumption and industrial application.
For instance, palm oil processed from palm tree is refined to remove impurities and the yellowish red colour to make it suitable for human consumption. This project research is based on the rate of adsorption of red palm oil with bituminous coal.
Coal is a black combustible solid rich in carbon. It’s also contains variety of hydrocarbon, often traces of sulphur and moisture. It occurs buyers of seams in sedimentary areas. The depth at which coal seams are found varies enormously in some fields, seam layers are just below the surface. More often, they are buried beneath hundred of meters of rock. Coal was formed by the decomposition of the remains of plants and trees in swampy or river delta.
Coal can be classified according to rank, that is, according to the degree of metamorphosing in the series, which are mostly based on the carbon content of the coal substance. The ranks of coal are peat, lignite, bituminous and anthracite coal. Coal can be classified into four main division on appearance and properties.
Thus this work is specifically based on adsorption on a particular coal (bituminous coal) and red palm oil. Palm oil belong to the family of lipids which are compounds that are soluble in organic solvent (like alcohol, ester, chloroform) but insoluble in water. Palm oil is semi-liquid in nature and on standing separates into equal volumes of dark red fraction of high carotene content and a yellow semi-solved fraction. Palm oil can be processed into two ways (especially in Nigeria): the traditional and mechanical method, but because of amenability to mechanical method is widely employed in industrial processes, like wise in refining of palm oil where method of refining such as degrumming, deacidification, deodorization, bleaching, neutralization etc are employed.
- SCOPE/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The objective of this project research is to obtain the rate of adsorption of palm oil with bitumous coal (adsorbent). The refining of palm oil using bituminous coal at various time interval and temperature will be used to detect the extent of purity and colour change in natural palm oil. This involves the following steps: 1. the activation of coal and 2. adsorption process proper.
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