Chapter one
Introduction
1.1Background of the study
Coursera (2023) defines artificial intelligence as information systems based on computer algorithms or rules. In human history, it ushered in a period of revolution. There are many areas where artificial intelligence can transform humanity, including environmental conservation, law enforcement, healthcare, space exploration, and defence. As part of a satellite-controlled weapon platform equipped with remotely controlled machine guns mounted on pickups, Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, an Iranian nuclear scientist, was recently killed with a machine gun using artificial intelligence for the first time. AI-powered anti-missile systems, such as the ‘Iron Dome,’ are other recent examples of how AI has been used in defence (Bergman & Fassihi, 2021). According to reports, they are 90% effective at identifying, countering, and destroying rockets, shields, mortars, aircraft, helicopters, and un-crewed aerial vehicles. In most cases, Hamas could destroy Israel’s rockets using this defence system. As a demonstration of how AI might enhance future defence mechanisms, AI-powered remote-control attack drones referred to as ‘Slaughterbots’ or ‘Killer robots’ were first reported a few years ago. Recent years have seen a rapid increase in maritime terrorism and piracy, according to a 2010 report by the International Maritime Bureau (IMB).
As a result of a combination of factors, including globalization, pirates have expanded their operations into Somalia and Nigerian waters. As a result, there is a global trade boom, technological advancement, weapon proliferation, and terrorism. The act of terrorism involves deliberate violence.
Article 101 of the 1982 UN Law of the Sea Convention defines piracy as the act of aggression, imprisonment, or destruction carried out by crew members or passengers of a private ship or aircraft on the high seas or against another person or property or ship or aircraft. It is seen as a criminal act because it disregards the laws of the countries in which the ship or aircraft is operating. Additionally, it involves theft of property and potentially violence against those operating the ship or aircraft. Piracy occurs when someone unlawfully seizes or exercises control over a ship or aircraft, endangering the safety of the passengers or crew and disrupting international trade. It is considered a crime because it goes against the laws of the countries where the ship or aircraft is operating, and it can cause damage to property and physical harm to those on board. Piracy is defined by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) as boarding a vessel to commit theft or any other crime and using force to achieve this goal. According to IMB statistics on Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships Annual Reports, 1,434 incidents of piracy occurred in Africa between 2003 and 2011 (Jose, 2003; Onuoha, 2012).
As a result of the increase in attacks in 2007, the number increased. The navy will need artificial intelligence (AI) to defend a state’s maritime borders. Artificial intelligence is enabling lethal battlefields in the future, according to the development of fully autonomous systems. Trigun, an AI-enabled system integrating high-speed data communication systems and networking technology to improve maritime battle space transparency, recently completed its second phase. Due to this, it can assist with resolving maritime trade security issues. In order to track, compute, identify, chart, and execute appropriate actions for a vessel, AI-based systems can enhance existing maritime capabilities.
Additionally, AI can improve intelligence gathering, surveillance, and reconnaissance capabilities. With the data retrieved from these methods, it is also possible to identify and engage enemy targets. Emergency signals can be sent automatically to naval ships and bases to rescue passengers and vessels using artificial intelligence (Mukherjee, 2018).
Furthermore, AI can contribute to ensuring the safety of passengers and crew members by providing real-time data about a ship’s location. By enhancing naval force capabilities, AI can reduce threats from enemy warships, submarines, and surface ships. In light of the increasingly frequent use of supersonic fighter jets, naval ships with enhanced AI capabilities can monitor and accurately predict their flight trajectory, which could serve as a defence against the threat posed by such aircraft. The security of maritime borders can be enhanced through artificial intelligence. In the fight against piracy and robbery, the Automatic Identification System (AIS) is a highly effective technology. CYCLOPE software is installed on ships and ports for maritime surveillance. In the event of asymmetric threats, they ensure real-time panoramic security over several miles (BIMCO et al., 2018). Nigerian maritime piracy and terrorism are assessed in this study using a case study of Tin Can Island in Apapa, Lagos.
The study examines the effectiveness of AIS and CYCLOPE in protecting Tin Can Island Port from maritime terrorism and piracy. It pinpoints high-risk regions and creates plans to lessen the hazard. In order to identify suspect vessels before criminal activity, CYCLOPE delivers real-time vessel position information. Understanding trends of maritime piracy and terrorism, as well as the system’s efficiency in preventing events, is made possible by studying AIS and CYCLOPE data. In order to better safeguard Tin Can Island Port from piracy and terrorism, authorities may utilize this data to comprehend the nautical environment better. Using the data, we can identify trends in piracy and terrorism, pinpoint security flaws in the system, and establish a thorough awareness of dangers and risk-reduction strategies to secure the marine environment.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Piracy has become a significant challenge to trade and commercial activities in Nigeria. There has been an increase in piracy in Nigerian waterways since the increase in piracy began. Since 2007, the number of attacks has increased. People who commit piracy use sophisticated weapons such as AK-47s to commit violent crimes. Money, cargo, and valuables are stolen from crew members by speedboats. An anchor or harbour situation where the vessel is primarily close to shore is called a close-shore situation. Furthermore, they conduct sophisticated illicit oil take operations and black market oil sales. Maritime security concerns include pirates, human and drug traffickers, robbers, terrorists, smugglers, and environmental disasters (Malaquais, 2012; Onuoha, 2012).
Although terrorists and pirates use similar methods and means to commit these crimes, their objectives differ. The goal of maritime terrorism is the same as that of other forms of terrorism: terrorizing society and authorities. They are usually to influence political decisions by authorities or international organizations. The primary goal of maritime terrorism is to achieve political objectives. Piracy, however, has a different purpose – to acquire another’s property, i.e. it is motivated by selfishness. The threat of seaport piracy and terrorism in Nigerian seaports is being evaluated using artificial intelligence by analysing Tin Can Island Port, Apapa Lagos, Nigeria.
The research evaluates artificial intelligence and maritime terrorism and piracy in Nigeria’s seaport using a case study of Tin Can Island Apapa.
The specific objectives include:
- To assess the relationship between application artificial intelligence (AI) and theft inTin Can Island port, Lagos,
- To investigate the association between the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and the level of invasion in Tin Can Island port, Lagos,
- To examine the relationship between artificial intelligence (AI) and piracy in Tin Can Island port, Lagos,
In the course of this study, the following questions shall be considered pertinent:
- With the nature of maritime terrorism and piracy at Lagos Tincan Island Port, can artificial intelligence be more effective?
- What is the impact of artificial intelligence on maritime terrorism and piracy at Tin Can Island Port?
- In Nigeria’s seaports, what role does the application of artificial intelligence play in combating maritime piracy and?
STATEMENT OF THE HYPOTHESES
The following null hypotheses shall be tested in this study
- Effective application of artificial intelligence has no significant relationship with maritime terrorism and piracy at Tin Can Island, Lagos.
- The impact of artificial intelligence has no relationship with maritime terrorism and piracy at Tin Can Island.
- Maritime terrorism and piracy in Nigeria’s seaports have no significant relationship with government agencies
This study examines the use of artificial intelligence, maritime terrorism, and piracy in Nigerian seaports using an analysis of Tin Can Island as a case study. As a result, it provides relevant data for the formulation and implementation of policies that will enhance the achievement of the desired outcome. The study will facilitate the application of artificial intelligence to maritime security challenges. The purpose of this report is to present counter-piracy guidelines and recommendations that will assist shipping companies in protecting their ships from the threat of piracy. Situational awareness is essential to provide crew members with a comprehensive understanding of the activities in surrounding waters and to detect and mitigate threats or vulnerabilities before further damage occurs. In recent years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has made significant progress in improving maritime safety and optimizing business processes, as well as assisting with voyage planning and vessel maintenance. A variety of surveillance cameras, search beams, and long-range acoustic devices could be integrated in order to alert the hostile vessel automatically. Using this new approach, the marine sector can overcome deep-rooted safety challenges and piracy threats. As surveillance technology has advanced, maritime safety and monitoring systems have become more innovative than ever and highly effective at identifying suspicious activities in real time
SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The research focuses on the application of artificial intelligence and maritime terrorism and piracy in Nigerian ports, offering an assessment of maritime terrorism and piracy in that country. Tin Can Island Apapa, Lagos is the subject of this case study. As part of the study, a critical evaluation of the effectiveness and impact of artificial intelligence was also conducted, as well as a study of how to combat maritime terrorism and piracy in Nigerian seaports. The study was confronted with logistics and geographical factors.
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