ABSTRACT
This research work on A Comparative Study of Expenditure Controls
method in Government and private Hospitals is aimed at studying and
analysing the different methods of expenditure control that is being
adopted by these hospitals, their practical application and their level of
effectiveness. It is aimed at carrying out a comparative analysis of two
hospitals. To achieve the aim of this research, secondary data through
textbooks and journals were used to review some of the related literatures.
Equally, questionnaires, interview and observation, which sought to find
out facts needed for analysing, were used. The questionnaires were
analyzed by simple percentages while hypothesis were tested using chisquare statistics. The findings of the analysis indicate among others that
the method of expenditure control used by both hospitals are not the
same; The daily control method for private hospitals and the vote card
method for Government Hospitals. The different methods of expenditure
control used by the two hospitals are effective, but with slight loopholes
associated with vote card method. I recommend among others that both
hospitals should adhere strictly to authorization procedure for drug
purchased and materials purchases. Both hospitals should exhibit high
degree of cash management and employ competent personnel for proper
and efficient expenditure control.
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Approval page ii
Certification page iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Abstract vii
Chapter One
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Background Of The Study 1
1.2 Statement Of the Problem 4
1.3 Objectives Of The Study 6
1.4 Research Questions 6
1.5 Formulation Of Hypotheses 7
1.6 Significance Of The Study 8
1.7 Scope Of The Study 9
1.8 Limitations Of The Study 9
1.9 Definitions Of Terms 10
Chapter Two
ix
2.0 Review Of Related Literature 12
2.1 Introduction 12
2.2 Overview Of Expenditure Control 12
2.3 The Expenditure Control Methods 14
2.4 Internal Auditing Overview 19
2.5 Management Audit 25
2.6 Cost Benefit Analysis 27
2.7 Quantitative Models For Expenditure Control 28
2.8 Items Related To the Income Generated In A Hospital 32
2.9 Items Related To The Expenditure Of A Hospital 36
2.10 The Expenditure Control Method That Are In Application 37
2.11 Vote Card Method of Expenditure Control 42
Chapter Three
Research design and Methodology
3.0 Introduction 45
3.1 Sources of Data 46
3.2 Research Instrument 47
3.3 Reliability and Validity of Research Instrument. 48
x
3.4 Population 49
3.5 Sample Size/Technique 50
3.6 Administration Of Research Instrument 52
3.7 Method Of Data Analysis 52
3.8 Decision Criterion For Validation Of Hypotheses 53
Chapter Four
4.0 Data Presentation and Analysis 54
4.1 Data Analysis/Presentation 54
4.2 Testing Of Hypotheses 67
4.3 Discussion of Findings 75
Chapter Five
5.0 Summary of findings, Conclusion and Recommendations 78
5.1 Summary of findings 78
5.2 Conclusion 79
5.3 Recommendations 79
Bibliography 82
Appendix 1 85
xi
Appendix 2 86
1
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Expenditure control or cost control is part of management control process,
in every organisation.
This process is very important to any organisation be it profit making
organisation or non-profit making organisation. Thus, lack of this practice
in any organisation will cause misapplication of cash in cash disbursement
process and this will create a very big problem leading the organisation
into deficit and at an extreme case, the organisation might wind up. Many
researches have been conducted in the reason for winding up of
companies and organisation in which lack of expenditure control process
had found responsible.
Expenditure control has been defined as the process by which managers
utilize effectively and efficiently, the scarce resource in the achievement of
the organisational goals. At this juncture, let us look at expenditure and
control from separate perspective.
2
Expenditure is the total amount spent on the process of trying to achieve a
particular organisational goal. Control means to order, limit, instruct or rule
something or someone’s actions. It is used by either government officials
or organisation managers to make restrictions on wages increases,
immigrate credit and so on (which are all expenditure).
As regards, this research work, which is the comparative study of
expenditure control methods in government and privately owned Hospitals,
A study of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu (UNTH) and
Toronto Hospital and Maternity Onitsha; this implies a comparative study of
non-profit making organisations, since UNTH is government owned
Hospital while Toronto Hospital is privately owned Hospital as a category of
profit making organisation. Non-profit making organisations are
characterized by the following:
a) There is neither a conscious profit motive nor an expectation of
earning net income.
b) No profit of any excess of revenue over expenditure is distributed to
those who contributed support through taxes and voluntary
donations.
3
In profit making organisations, the reverse of these characteristics is the
case in the sense that their major objective is to maximize profit and
excess of revenue over expenditure are given to the owners of the
organisation.
Government owned hospitals pay more attention to services they render to
the public, as their major objectives is to provide services that fulfil a social
needs for those who do not have the purchasing power to acquire these
services themselves. Irrespective of the fact that privately owned hospitals
try to render good and quality services to the public, they pay more
attention to maximize of profit which their major objective.
Comparative study of expenditure control in Government and privately
owned Hospital which is major research question in this research work has
to with the different ways and methods by which expenditure is being
controlled in each of the hospitals so that they will not run into deficit or
liquidations.
According to Johnson (1976), the management control concept which
imbibes the expenditure control are the same both in profit oriented and
non-profit oriented organisations, but the implication of these concepts
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differ in important respect. We will want to find out if also the expenditure
control methods are the same or differ in the two hospitals under study,
owning to the fact that one is profit oriented and the other is non-profit
oriented.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The problems encountered by the Government and privately owned
Hospitals in expenditure control are as follows:
The problem of daily control method and the vote card method. The
problem encountered is to know the effective method to use in the
two hospitals. Here, the problem encountered is to check whether
the daily control method will be efficient and effective in the
Government owned hospitals or whether the vote card method is the
best.
Another problem encountered by the hospitals in expenditure control
is the problem of internal control. Internal control is the essential
feature of an organisation, be it profit making or non-profit making,
and it is expected to be well managed effectively and efficiently. Any
5
problem or limitation of the internal control will pose a problem to the
expenditure control of the organisation.
Therefore, the above problems encountered by the two hospitals are the
problems of expenditure control methods encountered by the government
and privately owned hospitals by the government and privately owned
hospitals that attracted the attention of the researcher.
The problem definition in this research work is to investigate and analyse
the different ways and methods by which expenditure is controlled in
government owned hospitals and privately owned hospitals so that they
will not run into deficit and liquidation. As a comparative study, two
hospitals has been selected for the study, they are: University of Nigeria
Teaching Hospital Enugu (UNTH) for government owned Hospitals, and
Toronto Hospital and Maternity Onitsha for privately owned hospitals.
In this research, we study the different methods of expenditure control
being adopted by these hospitals and their practical application and their
level of effectiveness.
This study will form a basis for our analysis which will help to answer some
research questions.
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1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This study is conducted to:
1. Ascertain the expenditure control method adopted by the
government and privately owned hospitals.
2. Establish whether government and privately owned hospitals are
operating the same of different system of accounting.
3. Compare the expenditure method or model adopted by the privately
owned hospitals with that of the government owned hospital if there
is a difference.
4. Ascertain the efficiency and effectiveness of these expenditure
control methods in the operation of the privately and government
owned hospitals.
5. Make recommendations based on the findings.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. What expenditure control methods are adopted in the two hospitals?
2. Do privately owned hospitals and government owned hospitals
operate the same method of expenditure control?
3. Are there any similarities and differences in their method and
application?
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4. How efficient and effective are they to their users?
1.5 FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS
In this study, we will have two main types of hypothesis; the null
hypothesis denoted by (H0) and Alternative hypothesis denoted by (H1).
The null hypothesis is constructed such that it can be accepted if the
alternative hypothesis is rejected.
Accordingly, the researcher would examine the following hypothesis.
HYPOTHESIS 1
H0: Government and privately owned hospitals do not adopt the daily
control method of expenditure control.
H1: Government and privately owned hospitals adopt the daily control
method of expenditure control.
HYPOTHESIS 11
H0: Government and privately owned hospitals do not use the same
method of expenditure control.
8
H1: Government and privately owned hospitals uses the same methods of
expenditure control
HYPOTHESIS 111
H0: The methods of expenditure control used by government and privately
owned hospitals are not effective and efficient.
H1: The methods of expenditure control used by government and privately
owned hospitals are effective and efficient.
1.6 SIGNIFICANE OF THE STUDY
Control has to be exercised over all aspect of a business organisation as a
guard against any form of derailment from the organisations objective.
Therefore, the need to install an effective and efficient expenditure control
method in any organisation be it profit making or non-profit oriented
cannot be over emphasised. This is because lack of this practice
(expenditure control) in any organisation (profit oriented or non-oriented)
will cause misapplication of cash in cash disbursement exercise. Thus may
create a very high problem which may lead the organisations into deficit
and in extreme cases, the organisation may wind up.
9
This defines why this research hopes to create awareness to management
team of government and privately owned hospitals in order to put in place
an effective control system.
It will also improve the various ways and methods by which expenditure
are being controlled in each of the hospitals.
Being a comparative study, it will be useful to policy formulations in health
related issues, hospitals management board and potential managers of the
hospitals.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study is on the expenditure control method on government and
privately owned hospitals, as a comparative study, it will be limited to the
accounting sections of the hospitals, which deals with its income and
expenditure. However, other issue which has direct implication on the
control aspect will be treated.
1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Like every other research work, a lot of things posed as limitations to the
research. They include:
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a) Financial: The present economic constraint in the country makes it
difficult for some families to feed well. Parents are faced with the
difficulty of training their children, especially those who have children
in the university find it difficult to pay their fees much more
sponsoring the research project work. The researcher of this project
is not an exception. So also, she uses the limited resources within her
reach to make this research work a reality.
b) Time: The interval between chosen of project topic, the submission
of the project and the preparation for the degree exams is very
infinitesimal, but these are mandatory activities and hence, the
researcher was deprived of many other activities to ensure their
fulfilment.
c) Attitude of workers: owing to the fact that so many workers
(employees) are not aware of what research is all about and its
importance, they have non-challant attitude towards the researcher
making it difficult for her to get the information’s needed
1.9 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
For the purpose of clarity, the following terms used in this context are
hereby elaborated.
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Expenditure control: Management tools that guides and ensures
that company/organisational spending are in accordance with the
policy plans.
Misappropriation: To steal something that you have been trusted to
take care of and use it for your own personal benefit.
Comparative study: to examine the difference between two or more
things.
Deficit: Being run at losses.
Privately owned Hospital: Hospital owned and financed by an
individual or group of people.
Audit guidelines: These are basic principles and practices which
members are expected to adhere to in the conduct of audit work.
Government owned hospitals: Hospitals owned and controlled by
government either federal or state government.
Liquidation: To cause a business to fold up so that its assets can be
sold to pay its debts
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