ABSTRACT
Smartphone devices are potential avenues for reviewing instructional materials, an invaluable resource for immediate feedback and other education purposes. This study investigated a survey of the use of Smartphone by Undergraduates in Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences in College of Medicine, Ambrose AlliUuniversity, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria. Descriptive survey design was used. From a population of 4304 medical students, a sample of 230 students was drawn using accidental sampling technique. Questionnaire was used as data collection instrumentand data collected was analyzed using frequency count, percentage and mean statistics. The study revealed high level of awareness and use of smartphones by medical students for their academic works. Result also shows smartphones has made tremendous impact on their medical education most especially with High SpeedBrowsing, Savestimeandmoneygoingtocybercafé/collegelibrary,Easy and fast internet access.High risk of radiation when using smartphone, Operational difficulties, high rate of internet subscription,were identified as the major problems they encountered in using smartphones. The study recommended the need for medical university management to collaborate with IT companies to develop smartphones capable of supporting their seeking of medical and health information which improve students’ academic performance. Furthermore, medical college management should collaborate with network service providers to reduce cost of internet subscription to students that will encourage continues use of smartphone to support their seeking of medical and health information.
Word Count: 230
Keywords: Academic performance, Smartphone, Usage, Medical Students.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page …………………………………….…………….……………..………..i
Certification …………………………………………………..….….……………..ii
Declaration …………………………………………………..………..……………iii
Dedication………………………………………………………..……..…………..iv
Abstract ……………………………………………………..…………..………….v
Acknowledgment …………………………………….………..…………….……..vi
Table of contents.……………………………………………..………………….…vii
List of Tables ………………………………………..……………………………..viii
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study ………………………………………….. ………………1
1.2 Statement of Problem ……………………………………………………………….4
1.3 Objectives of the Study ……………………………………………………………..4
1.4 Research Questions …………………………………………………………………5
1.5 Scope of the Study ……………………………………………………………….…5
1.6 Significance of the Study……………………………………………………………6
1.7 Limitations of the Study ……………………………………………………………6
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms ……………………………………………………7
CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review
- Concept of Smartphone ………………………………………………………..…..8
- Emergence of Smartphone (Mobile Phone) in Nigeria ……………………….…..10
- Use of Smartphone on Academic Performance of Medical Students……………..11
- Relevance/ Purpose of Using Smartphone by Medical Students……………….…15
- Impact of Smartphones on Academic Performance of Medical Students…………16
- Challenges in the Use of Smartphone By Medical Students………………………20
- Appraisal of Literature Review. ……………………………………………..…….22
CHAPTER THREE
Research Methodology
3.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………23
3.2 Research Design ……………………………………………………………………23
3.3 Study Population …………………………………………………………………..24
3.4 Sampling and Sampling Technique ……………………………………………….24
3.5 Research Instrument ………………………………………………………………25
3.6 Validation of Instrument …………………………………………………………..25
3.7 Procedure of Data Collection ………………………………………………..……25
3.8 Data Analysis………………………………………………………………….…..25
CHAPTER FOUR
Presentation of Results
4.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………26
4.2 Presentation and interpretation of Results ………………………….…………….27
4.3 Answers to Research Questions ………………………………………………….29
4.4 Discussion of Findings …………………………………………………….……..35
CHAPTER FIVE
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Summary of Findings……………………………………………..………………39
5.2 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………..………40
5.3 Recommendation …………………………………………………………..……..40
5.4 Contribution of the study to Knowledge …………………………………………41
5.5 Suggestions for Further Research ………………………………….…………..…41
REFERENCE …………………………………………………………………………..42
APPENDIX ……………………………………………………………………………..48
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.3: Population of Study……………………………………………………………..24
Table 4.2.1: Questionnaire Distribution ……………………………………………………27
Table 4.2.2: Gender distribution of Respondents ………………………………………….27
Table 4.2.3: Age of Respondents ………………………………………………………….28
Table 4.2.4: Department of Respondents …………..……………………………………..28
Table 4.3.1: Are you aware of smartphone and do you have one…………………………29
Table 4.3.2: what is the relevance/purpose of smartphone usage by medical students ….30.
Table 4.3.3: what are the medical resources and services smartphone are used for by medical students for their academic works? ………………………………………………….……31
Table 4.3.4: what are the medical apps commonly downloaded by medical students for their academic works? …………………………………………………………………………..32
Table 4.3.5: what is the impart of smartphone on Academic performance of medical students? ……………………………………………………………………………………33
Table 4.3.6: what are the major problems encountered by medical students in using smartphones for their academic works? …………………………………………………..34
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
- Background of the Study
Globalization has changed our lives and one of the ways in which it is changing our lives, every day, is how we communicate; thanks to advancements in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT).It is an undeniable fact that technology has become an integral part in today’s society. In today’s world, digital technology changed so rapidly and integrates into our society at such an accelerated rate, it is hard to keep up with it, let alone reflect on the effects it has on our lives. In line with this, Vieitez, Carcia, and Rodriquez, (2001) expresses that, technological revolution in academic organization has not only improved efficiency but also help reduce the problem of boredom. In addition to this, Roberts, and Pirog, (2013) point out that, the advancement of technology has also been a dominant force in effecting students’ academic life and helps facilitate the knowledge-constructed classroom. To this end, Gaskell and Mills (2010) stresses that, it was proven that mobile phone technologies played an important role in education; also mobile phone technologies offered a major chance in enhancing access to learning and enabling many institutions, especially in higher education to develop learner support as well as learning opportunities in ways which would build on modern techniques. Similarly, Raento, Oulasvirta, and Eagle (2009) added that recent developments in mobile technologies have produced a new kind of device: a programmable mobile phone, the smartphone.
Smartphone are arguable another revolutionary invention of our time, besides computer and internet technologies. Smartphone is one of the most ubiquitous, dynamic and sophisticated trends in communication. Smartphone technology is growing by leaps and bounds. The use of mobile computing devices such as smartphones is rapidly increasing in the population. According to Gartner, Inc., a technology research and advisory firm, by 2013 mobile phones will overtake personal computers (PCs) as the most common Web access device worldwide, and by 2015 over 80% of the cellular phones sold in markets will be smartphones (Gartner Newsroom. 2010). Smartphone evolution from the mobile phone influences how users tend to think of these devices, as reflected in the handset design. Beale, (2005) asserts that Smartphones are predominately communication devices, with additional computing power built in. Smartphones are the new generation of mobile phones; they have emerged over the last few years and already have conquered the market.
Interestingly, Smartphone represents the current pinnacle of mobile phone development, coupling phone capabilities with the additional functionalities of a computer. In this convergence between phone and handheld computer, the phone has the dominant genes. A Smartphone is an increasingly more common type of mobile phone, which can be described as a mobile phone with characteristics similar to the ones of a computer. Student can check e-mail, browse the Internet and add personal functionality by downloading applications using smartphone. Smart products are leading this era and functioning as the new buzzword. Unlike a normal mobile device a smartphone has a vast amount of both local storage and memory. Smartphones have operating units like computers. Smartphones act as mobile entertainment units where a user can: watch videos, listen to music, update blogs, (as well as audio and video blogging.). To this end, Alfawareh and Jusoh, (2014) buttress that Smartphone is a mobile phone running a complete operating system in a manner similar to a traditional computer, which offer advanced computing abilities and connectivity options. They provides high quality performance and quick access to data and information management, mobile audio and audio-visual calls, mobile teleconferencing, sending and receiving emails and quick and easy internet access.
Furthermore, Today’smobiledevicesaremultifunctionaldevicescapableofhostingabroadrange ofmedicalapps(applications)forstudentsinthemedicalandhealthsciences. In line with this, Mohapatra et al, (2015) assert that mobile technology is one of the latest strings of technological innovations that can be integratedintomedicaleducation. They also agreedthatSmartphoneuseisincreasinglyintegratedinthedaily practiceofmedicine. Similarly, Yousuf, (2015) added that Smartphoneapplicationsareusedintheformofefficientmedicalcommunication,research, diagnostic and reference tools, and even in patient monitoring and examination. Smartphone technologies can be used in having current information about changes made in course scheduling, deadlines and upcoming events and it can also increase interactivity and collaboration through the use of discussion forums and chat rooms.
However, the use of smartphone entails the process of utilizing smartphone technology and its applications for the purpose of answering a need or providing solution to a problem. There are numerous possibilities of using smartphone technology within and out of the lecture room. According to Kohet al. (2014), they opined that medical apps were perceived by medical students to help improve their clinical decision making, saved time, allowed faster access to national clinical practice guidelines, allowedfasteraccesstocommonlaboratoryreferencevalues,helpedinmakingdifferential diagnoses, enabled useful medical related calculations, allowed faster access to reliable sources of medical knowledge, allowed faster access to reliable sources of clinical skills, allowedaccuratemedicinedosagescalculation,allowedeasiermedicinedosagescalculation and allowed fasteraccess to evidence-based medical practice. In the same view, Bruce, (2010), opines that. Students can also access course materials so that they can learn at a convenient time and place. They also can access links to relevant websites, videos, further reading and online tutorials (supplementary activities) that extend or support learning. Emails or text messages can also be used to give instantaneous feedback of students‟ assessment. Smartphone is a major information technology device and students feel the urge to adapt to it in order to ‘‘keep up with the time’’. It can be noted that medical students use smartphone as it relate to their academic performance.
Demaray and Elliott (2010) opine that academic performance is a multidimensional construct composed of the skills, attitudes, and behaviors of a learner which contribute to academic success. Academic performance is the demonstration of a student’s level of competence and mastery of a subject. For a medical student to perform well and be competent in the field of study, it is important that the student make use of relevant and pertinent information that will enhance his/her performance; with smartphones, students have access to any kind of information as it relate to the academic performance at any point, place and time. To this end, Taylor and Harper (2001), portray that smartphones and its use have special place and impact in students’ life and their academic performances specially. The Smartphone is doubtless a tool that has the power to make its user master of his or her own sector of the digital world.
Additionally, withtheaidofthesesmartphones, medical studentslearnfasteroutsidetheclassroombyhaving quick access to the internet and easy retrieval of required medical and health learning resourceswhile they alsokeepabreastofrecenttrendanddevelopmentasitaffectstheir medical academic performance, learning and research needs. Smartphones areredefiningthewayalmosteverything isdoneinthemedicalacademicenvironmentandareareadytoolforfasteraccessto all medical knowledge geared towards achieving the medical learning and researchobjectivesofthestudents. Smartphone has now become a part of the daily life of medical students for without it they would be lost in this high tech (technology) world.
1.2 StatementoftheProblem
Smartphoneplay a very significant role tomedical students in seeking and gathering information in order to meet their learning and research needs. Severalrelevantmedicalandhealthinformationareavailableindiversemediawhichmedical studentscanhaveaccesstothroughtheirsmartphones.It is quite regrettable that despite the numerous advantages of smartphone, most medical students do not know how to use, search or to get the right information in the course of their academic work. Most often, even to synthesize and analyze the information becomes a nightmare to some medical students.These are some of the major challenges the medical students encountered in accessing desiredinformation usingsuch mobiledevices. The inability of medical students to overcome these problems automatically makes it impossible to explore the potentials of the smartphone. Despitetheirrelativeimportancein medicaleducation,littleisknown about use of smartphone on academic performance of medical students. Hence, it is against this backdrop, the researcher wish to investigate, a survey of the use of smartphone by undergraduates in Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences in Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The major objective is a survey of the use of smartphone by undergraduates in Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences inAmbrose Alli University, Ekpoma. The specific objective includes the following; to
- Find out the level of awareness and use of smartphonesby medicalstudents fortheiracademicwor
- Findouttherelevance/purpose ofsmartphonesbymedical stude
- Findoutsomeofthemedicalresourcesandservicessmartphonesareused for bymedical students fortheir academicwor
- Findout theimpactofsmartphoneson academic performance of medical stude
- Findoutthemajor problem encounteredbymedicalstudentsinusing smartphones in gatheringinformation fortheir academicwor
1.4 Research Question
The following research questions were formulated for this study:
- What is the level of awareness and use of smartphones by medical students?
- What is the relevant/purpose of using smartphone by medical students?
- What are themedicalresourcesandservices that smartphonesareused for bymedical students fortheir academicworks?
- What are the medical apps commonly downloaded by medical students for their academic works?
- Is there any impact of use of smartphone on academic performance of medical students?
- What are the major problems encountered by medical students when using smartphone?
1.5 Scope of the study
This study investigated a survey of the use of smartphone by undergraduates in Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences in Ambrose Alli University, Ekpo|ma.
1.6 Significance of the study
It is hoped that the findings of this study will benefit various educational stakeholders. It would be useful to medical students in determining the many opportunities that smart phone provides in their academic lives.
Medical lecturers would be guided on how integrating smartphone technology will create a richer environment for teaching and learning.
The smartphone companies would be more informed and therefore invest in providing smartphones at a reduced price.
Curriculum planners and policy makers would be aware of the numerous possibilities of using smartphone technologies in learning, so as to assist in implementing and designing activities to support the various learning styles.
The findings from this study would also complement other studies and provide appropriate information for content developers and mobile learning developers in designing smartphone applications for medical learning at the university level.
This research would contribute to the body of educational research in that it explores students’ academic performance with multiple indicators of learning, which is satisfaction and academic performance. The research may provide literature so as to add more information on innovative use of smartphones to enhance educational experiences of medical university students.
1.7 Limitation of study
This study involved the following limitations. First, even though, there are other mobile devices that can be used to study academic performance of medical student, this research was only limited to the use of smartphone. Second, this study should have covered the entire medical student in Ambrose Alli University in order to draw a general conclusion on the subject, but it is restricted to students in the faculty of basic medical sciences in Ambrose Alli University due to time and financial constraints. Thirdly, the literature and tools that was used for this research was not easy to come by.
1.8 Operational definition of terms
The following are the conceptual definitions of key terms used in this study:
Academic performance: the level of students’ academic success in their various subjects.
Mobile application: It is a piece of software that runs on the Internet on a smartphone which can be downloaded from websites.
Smartphone: A device which has features of both a computer and a mobile phone (cell phone).
Medical student: A student who enrolled at a medical school, or a person following a course of study leading to qualification as a doctor, medicine, physician, nurse.
Usage: To do something with a device in order to achieve a purpose
University: This is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which grants academic degree in various subject and typically provides undergraduate education and postgraduate education.
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