TABLEOFCONTENTS
Titlepage i
Certification ii
ApprovalPage iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
TableofContents vi
Abstract ix
CHAPTERONE–INTRODUCTION
1.1 BackgroundoftheStudy 1
1.2 StatementoftheProblem 5
1.3 ObjectiveoftheStudy 9
1.4 ResearchQuestions 9
1.5 ResearchHypothesis 9
1.6 SignificanceoftheStudy 10
1.7 ScopeandLimitationoftheStudy 10
CHAPTERTWO–REVIEWOFRELATEDLITERATURE
2.1 TheConceptofTerrorism 11
2.2 ConceptofSecurity 12
2.3 Conceptofforeignpolicy 13
8
2.4 TerrorisminAfrica 14
2.5 CausesofterrorisminNigeria 15
2.6 TheriseofterrorisminNigeria1999-2015 17
2.7 TerrorismandGlobalSecurity 18
2.8 GlobalResponsestoTerrorism 24
2.9 Indicatorsoffailstateandterrorism 26
2.10 UnderstandingterrorismandBokoHaraminsurgency 30
2.11 Nigeria’sglobalterrorismProfile 34
2.12 ContextualizingterrorismandBokoHaraminsurgency
inNigeria 38
CHAPTERTHREE–THEORETICALFRAMEWORK
3.1 TheoreticalFramework 48
3.2 ResearchDesign 49
3.3 MethodofDataCollection 50
3.4 MethodofDataAnalysis 51
CHAPTERFOUR–DATAPRESENTATIONANDANALYSIS,
TESTINGOFHYPOTHESISANDRESULTS
OFTHESTUDY
4.1 ImplicationsofTerrorismforGlobalSecurity 53
4.2 NegativeimpactofTerrorismandGlobalonNigerian
ForeignPolicy 54
4.3 HumanitarianconsequencesofBokoHaramInsurgency 58
CHAPTERFIVE–SUMMARYOFFINDINGS,CONCLUSION
ANDRECOMMENDATIONS
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5.1 Summary 64
5.2 Finding 64
5.3 Conclusion 65
5.4 Recommendations 66
REFERENCES 68
Abstract
ThisstudyexaminedBokoHaram insurgencyandnationalsecurity,2002-
2017.Thestudywasnecessitatedonthepremisethatterrorism has
affectedlivesallovertheworldandhasresultedinnegatingworldpeaceat
analarmingrate.Theobjectivesofthestudyweretoexaminewhetherthe
incidenceofterrorism hasimpactedonnationalsecurity;andtoascertain
theeffectsofterrorism onNigeriansforeignpolicy.Secondarydatawas
used and the Marxian politicaleconomy theory formed a basis of
theoreticalanalysis.Theexposefactoresearchdesignwasadoptedand
datawasanalyzedusingthequantitativedescriptivemethod.Thefindings
oftheresearchprovedthatnonationcanguaranteeabsolutesecuritytoits
citizenswithoutcollaborationwiththelargerinternationalcommunity;
terrorism isanactofviolenceandviolenceisacontinuationofpoliticsby
othermeans.Thestudyrecommendsacontinuouscapacitybuildingfor
intelligenceandsecurityoperativesandagencies;andtheinitiationof
counterterroristmeasurestopreventattacksfromterrorists.
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CHAPTERONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BackgroundtotheStudy
The21stcenturyhaswitnessedunforeseeneventswhichhavealtered
thecourseofhistory.Besidesthetechnologicaladvancements,thebiggest
changeundoubtedlyhasbeentheemergenceofterrorism asoneofthe
biggestglobalthreats.Terrorism hasbeeninsidiouslyaffectinglivesall
overtheworldandhasresultedinspoilingtheworldpeaceatanalarming
rate.MayitbeasuperpowerlikeUnitedStatesofAmericaoradeveloping
countrylikeIndia,terrorism continuestospreaditsrootswithnoconcrete
solution.Ithasnotonlydebilitatednationalsecuritybuthasalsoled
countriesintoasituationofanarchy.
Terrorism isamethod,whichcanbeusedbyanypersonorgroupand
foranykindofmotive.Asaform ofviolence,terrorism tellsuslittleabout
thepeoplewhoemployit,nordoesthetacticitselfexplainwhyitisbeing
used.Beforeembarkingonamoredetailedanalysisandprojectionof
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trends,itistherefore worth remembering thatlumping togetherand
prescribingstandardizedsolutionsforvastlydifferentviolentconflicts
basedmerelyontacticalsimilarity,thatis,theuseof‘terroristic’means
doesnotleadtovalidpredictions.AsBrianJenkinsputit,terrorism is
merelythe‘thincrustatopaverydeeppie’Jenkins(2005),anditcannot
thereforebeunderstoodwithoutreferencetothespecificpoliticaland
societalconditionsinwhichitoccurs.Anyattempttoderivewide-ranging
insightsaboutthecausesandpossiblesolutionsforparticularviolent
conflictsbasedsolelyontheir‘terroristic’manifestationsmustfail.
Terrorism andglobalsecurityhavebecomesignificantcontentionin
shapingforeignpolicyofnationsacrosstheglobe.Recentliteratureshave
revealedthatsuchissuesas,social,economic,politicalandtechnological
factorsthatrevolvearoundthehubofglobalsecuritymattershavebeen
seriouslyunderminedbycancerousactsofterrorism.Thisisbecause
terrorisminwhicheverform,posesanalarmingkindofviolenceandthreat
inthecontemporaryworld,whichconstitutesgreathindrancetofreeflow
relationshipthatexistamongstnations.InNigeriaforinstance,thecause
ofterrorism rangesfrom religiousextremism,perceivedoppressionand
nationalistseparatistorethnicconsiderationsthatnodoubthavegreatly
impactedontheNigerianforeignpolicy.
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Apartfrom the challenges ofpoverty,sectarian,economic and
politicalcrises,andNigerDeltaMilitancy,Nigeriaiscurrentlyfacinga
deeperandprofoundchallengeofterrorism,especiallyintheNorth-Eastern
regionofthecountry.Inthepasttwoyears,wehavewitnessedthe
vulnerabilityoftheNigerianstatetoterror,criminalityandinstability.The
listofthesedishearteningphenomenaincludesbutisnotlimitedtothe
bombing ofseveralChurches,Mosques,PoliceStations,Schoolsand
PrisonsinBauchi,Bornu,YobeandAdamawastates.Otherpartsofthe
countrywerenotspared,asthesect-bombingactivitieswerewitnessedin
theFederalcapitalterritory,Abuja,Plateau,KadunaandKanostates.The
bombing ofthe United Nationsoffice in Abuja isperhapswhatthe
insurgentsusedtogainglobalrecognition;astheyarenowlistedamongst
terroristorganizationsbytheUnitedStatesanditsallies,(formoredetails
seeTheEconomist,September3,2011).
Availablestatisticsonthenumberofdeathsandpropertylostto
BokoHaram insurgencybetween2002and2013tosaytheleastishighly
controversial.AccordingtotheEconomist,September3,2011over10,000
people(includingwomenandchildren)havebeenkilledandpropertyworth
over100milliondollarshavebeendestroyedduringtheperiodunder
discussion(culledfrom interview ofvictimsofBokoHaram attacksin
13
Abuja,NorthCentral,NorthEastandNorthWestregionsofthecountry).
However,officialreportsputthedeathtollat8,000plusandproperty
destroyedat40milliondollars(culledfrom theinterview ofgovernment
officialsinAbuja,Yobe,Kaduna,PlateauandAdamawastates).
Government’sresponsetotheviciousattacksofBokoHaram has
beenadiversemixofhopeandtrepidation.Hopeliesinthefactthata
stateofemergencyhasbeendeclaredin(AdamawaState,BornoStateand
YobeStates)inhabitedbytheinsurgentgroup.Apartfrom thateachtime
thePoliceandothersecurityorganizationsresponsibleforinternalsecurity
seem tobeoverwhelmedbytheinsurgents,thearmyisusuallybroughtin
to force them to retreat.Trepidation arises from the abilityofthe
insurgentstoregroupandstrikeevenwiththeimposedstateofemergency.
Thecountry’svulnerabilitytoincessantattacksfrom armedinsurgents
posesagreatsecuritychallenge.AccordingtotheMinisterofinformation,
LabaranMaku,thecountryspends27%ofitsbudgetoninternalsecurity
alone.Theseareresourcesthatcouldhavebeenusedtorehabilitatethe
country’sdeplorableinfrastructure(Reviewof2013byChannelsTelevision).
FollowingthedeclarationofstateofemergencyinAdamawa,Borno
andYobestates,governmenttroopshavelaunchedsustainedoffensive
againsttheinsurgentgroup,butthishasnotyieldedthedesiredresults.
14
Mostrecently,theAirforcebaseandArmypostinMaiduguriwereattacked
byBokoHaraminsurgents.Accordingtoanofficialreport,“twohelicopters
andthreeout-ofserviceplanesweredestroyed”.“Twomilitarypersonnel
wereinjuredand24militantskilled”.However,witnessesaccountculled
from socialmediaclaimedthatover100persons,includingcivilianswere
killed.
Inresponsetotheattack,theGovernmentimposeda24-hourcurfewin
thetownofYobestates.Thattheinsurgentgroupisabletolaunchattacks
onmilitaryinstallationsandotherpublicinstitutionsevenwhenthestateof
emergencyisstillinplace,raisesquestionsabouttheeffectivenessofthe
government’scounter-offensivepolicy.Thisiswhathasinstigatedthis
investigation.Itisinthelightoftheabove,thatthisstudyattemptsto
investigateterrorism anditsimpactonthe21stcenturyacasestudyof
BokoHaraminsurgencyinNigeria.
1.2StatementofProblem
Terrorism,arguably,isthebiggestthreattoglobalpeaceandstability
in the contemporarytimes.Since the dawn ofthis millennium,the
incidenceoftheterrorism hasbeenonasteadyriseworldwide.Hitherto,
terrorism wasmoreorlessanationalorregionalaffair.Ithasbeen
observedthatpartofthedifficultyinconstructingauniversallyaccepted
15
definitionofterrorism isaconsequenceoftheexistenceoforganizations
andleadersthatwereformallybrandedasterroristbuteventuallyevolved
into acceptableleadersofgovernments.Thisisthecasewithsome
liberationmovementsthatfoughtcolonialism orisstillfightingoppressive
regimeswithintheirowncountriesasalastresort.Anexampleofthisis
JomoKenyatta’sMauMauandNelsonMandela’sAfricaNationalCongress.
Interestingly,Mandela(Africa’sForemostNationalistLeader)wroteinhis
autobiographythat“50yearsofnon-violencebroughthispeoplenothing,
butmorerepressivelegislationandfewerrights”Mandela(1994).
The United States DepartmentofDefense defined terrorism as the
calculated useofunlawfulviolenceorthreatofunlawfulviolenceto
inculcatefearintendedtocoerceortointimidateeithercitizens,societies,
oreventhegovernmentinthepursuitofgoalsthataregenerallypolitical,
religiousorideological.
Bethatasitmay,whatwediscoveredfrom theabovedefinitionand
interpretationofterrorism arethreekeyelementsthatappearinmost
definitions.Theyare(1)aviolencemeans,(2)aimedattriggeringpolitical
change,(3)byaffectingalargeraudiencethanitsimmediatetarget.
Internationalterrorism,whichisterrorism thattranscendsnational
borders,isthereforebothanactionandreactiontorepression,desperation
16
and hopelesssituations.Theactionsand reactionstakeon political,
economic,social,ideological,psychological,emotionalandreligiousfervor
(Mukwaya2004).Terrorism isthereforeapolitically,economicallyand
religiously motivated violence directed againstnon-combatants and
designedtoinstillfearinatargetaudience.Itisanactthatinfluencesan
audiencebeyondtheimmediatevictim.Terrorism aswepreviouslysaidis
notanew phenomenon;itisdeeplyembeddedinhistory.Apeepinto
historyrecordsthat,terrorism hasbeenoneofthestarkestexpressionsof
rejectionofauthority.Terrorism eatsawaythesocio-politicalfabricof
manystates,underminesdemocracy,providesarationalforagovernment
todelaydemocraticreformsandcanincreasetensionamongstates.The
resultisoftenimpressionthattheworldisinastateofchaos,and
internationalorderandauthorityarecollapsing(Viotti&Kauppi,2009).
Terrorism hasbeenanoldscourgetohumankindfrom timepast,
andforthepastthreedecades,terroristactivitiesintheworldhave
increasedtoanalarmingrate.Forinstance,sincethe1970s,international
terrorism sponsoredbystatesandnon-stateactors,hasevolvedintoan
insidioustrendthatoftenhurtcivilianpopulations.Oftenusedbythe
relativelypowerless againstthe powerful,terrorists operate basically
17
throughsurprise(Mingst,1999).
From thebombingoftheembassiesoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica
inKenyaandTanzaniain1988,totheSeptember11,2001worldtrade
centrebombingsinNewYork,theMumbaiattacksinIndia,thekillingofthe
AmericanAmbassadorinLibyaandtheBokoHaram attacksinNigeria,the
storyremainsthesame.Terroristattackshavecontinuedtocauselossof
livesandproperty.AccordingtoKegley(2007),terrorismposesanalarming
kindofcontemporaryviolence.
Therearedifferentmechanismsandglobalpoliciescurrentlyinuse
forfighting terrorism.These ranges from peacefuland diplomatic
negotiations,makingsecretconcessions,pacification,theuseofeconomic
sanctionsanduseofmilitaryforceinsomecases.Asaresultofthe
growing sophistication of terrorist networks and the havoc such
clandestinegroupsposetosociety,theuseofmilitaryforceisbecominga
preferredalternativeapproachinthestruggleagainstterrorism.Thisof
coursehascontinuedtoelicitresponsesandcriticismsfrom policyand
legalanalysts.Mostofsuchcriticismsmakereferencetotheprosecution
ofwhatiscurrentlytermedasthe“waronterror”asexemplifiedinIraqand
Afghanistan.TheinvasionofIraq,whichledtothedeathofPresident
18
Saddam Hussein,andthefightagainsttheTalibaninAfghanistanhaveled
tothedeathofmanycombatantsandinnocentcivilians,coupledwiththe
destructionofpropertiesworthbillionsofdollars.
Whereinformationgapexistsorispoorlyhandled,liketheIraq’s
chemicalweapons detection blunder,militaryoperation maylead to
collateraldamagesthatcouldimpingeoninternationallaw.Justfewyears
ago,terrorism seemedtoberestrictedtoafewisolatedplaces,suchas
NorthernIreland,theBasqueCountryinNorthernSpain,andsomeareasof
theMiddleEast.Now -especiallysinceSeptember11,2001,withthe
destructionoftheTwinTowersinNew York-worldwidephenomenon
(June,2006:4).
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