ABSTRACT
This project shows the construction of a microcontroller based security door using
smart card. It is aimed towards programming the microcontroller to control the
hardware in sliding door. The system consists of a microcontroller 89S52 which
sends a signal to the multiplexers on insertion of the smart card in the card slot.
The multiplexers consist of ICS which prompts for a display of the identity of the
card user in the liquid crystal display (LCD). The LCD displays the status of the
card. On validation of the card, the LCD displays a welcome note to the user and
prompts for a pin code. The pin code is being keyed in from the key pad. If
confirmed by the program written into the microcontroller access will be granted,
otherwise no access, giving the user two more chances to insert the correct
smartcard or pin code to it, before final denial of access and alarm. When access is
granted, the card sends a 5volt signal to the microcontroller which triggers relay,
resulting in the opening of the door.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page – – – – – – – i
Approval Page – – – – – – ii
Dedication – – – – – – iii
Acknowledgement- – – – – iv
Abstract – – – – – – – v
Table of contents – – – – – vi
List of Tables- – – – – – – xi
List of Figures – – – – – – xii
Glossary of Symbols / Abbreviations – – xiii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction – – – – – – 1
1.1 Areas of application – – – – 4
1.2 Aims and Objectives – – – 5
1.3 Project Scope – – – – – 5
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review – – – – – 6
2.1 Mechanism of Security of access system – – 7
2.1.2 Types of security access system – – – 8
2.1.3 Sound activated lock system – – 8
2.1.4 Shadow detector access system – – – 8
2.1.5 Pressure and pad sensitive security system – 9
2.1.6 Smartcard access system – – – 9
2.1.7 History – – – – – – 10
2.2 The components used – – – 12
2.2.1 The microcontroller – – – – 12
2.2.2 Elements of a microcontroller – – – 12
2.2.2.1 The CPU – – – – – – 13
2.2.2.2 Ram – – – – – – – 13
2.2.2.3 Eprom – – – – – – 14
2.2.2.4 Input / Output – – – – – 14
2.2.3 Relay – – – – – – – 14
2.2.4 Liquid crystal display – – – 16
2.2.5 Key pad – – – – – – 16
2.2.6 Active components – – – – – 17
2.2.6.1 Transistor — – – – – – 17
2.2.6.2 Diodes – – – – – – 18
2.3.0 Passive component – – – – – 19
2.3.1 Resistor – – – – – – 19
2.3.2 Capacitor – – – – – – 22
2.3.3 Transformer – – – – – – 23
2.4 Micro switches – – — – – 24
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Design analysis of the electric circuit and
Mechanical unit – – – – – 25
3.1 Hardware design – – – – – 25
3.2 Keypad select module – – – – 27
3.3 Sliding door unit – – – – – 28
3.4 Alarm signal unit – – – – – 31
3.5 Display unit – – – – – – 32
3.5.1 Display unit calculation – – – – 33
3.6 89S52 microcontroller – – – – 34
3.6.1 Powering the microcontroller – – – 37
3.6.2 Crystal oscillator unit – – – – 39
3.7 smartcard unit – – – – – 39
3.8 Power supply unit – – – – – 40
3.8.1 Step down – – – – – – 41
3.8.2 Rectification – – – – – 41
Filtering – – – – – – 43
3.9 synchronous 12v DC motor – – – 44
3.10 mechanical unit – – – – – 45
3.10.1Fabrication of component parts – – – 45
3.10.2Mechanism casing – – – – – 46
3.10.3Door post – – – – – – 46
3.10.4The door – – – – – – 46
3.11 software development – – – – 47
3.11.1text editor – – – – – – 47
3.11.2Translator – – – – – 47
3.11.3Link / locator – – – – – 48
3.11.4Loader – – – – – – 48
3.11.5Testing – – – – – – 48
3.11.6Debugging – – – – – – 48
3.12 Development process – – – – 49
3.13 Program entry and editing – – 49
3.14 Assembly and linking – – – – 49
3.15 Hexadecimal conversion – – – – 50
3.16 Circuit design diagram – – – – 51
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Material selection, assembly process,
Cost analysis, test and result. – – – 52
4.1 Material selection – – – 52
4.2 Assembly process – – – 53
4.3 Cost analysis – – – – – 53
4.4 Test and Result – – – – 55
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion of results, Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Discussion of results – – – 56
5.2 Conclusion – – – – – 56
5.3 Recommendation – – – – 57
References
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1: Resistor color coding – – – 21
Table 4.1: cost analysis – – – – – 54
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 2.1: The CPU of a microcontroller – – 13
Fig 2.2: Diagram of a Relay – – – – 15
Fig 2.3: Keypad – – – – – – 16
Fig 2.4: Diagram of NPN and PNP Transistor – 17
Fig 2.5: Diagram of Resistor color coding – – 20
Fig 2.6: Diagram of a Transformer – – – 23
Fig 3.1: Block diagram of the project – – – 26
Fig 3.2(a): Diagram of Keypad increment button – 27
Fig 3.2(b): Diagram of Keypad decrement button – 27
Fig 3.2(c): Diagram of Keypad Adjust button – 28
Fig 3.2 (d): Diagram of Keypad Reset button – 28
Fig 3.3: Diagram of Relay Connection to the door – 29
Fig 3.4: Diagram of a Transistor – – – 31
Fig 3.5: Diagram of the alarm signal unit – – 31
Fig 3.6: Diagram of the microcontroller – – 36
Fig 3.7: Powering the microcontroller – – 38
Fig 3.8: Diagram of crystal oscillator unit – – 39
Fig 3.9: The smart card unit – – – – 39
Fig 3.10: Diagram of the power supply – – 40
Fig 3.11: Rectifier bridge – – – – 42
Fig 3.12(i): Single capacitor filter – – – 43
Fig 3.12(ii): Inductor filter – – – – 43
Fig 3.12(iii): Pie filter – – – – – 44
Fig: 3.13: Circuit Design Diagram – – – 51
GLOSSARY OF SYMBOLS / ABBREVIATIONS
I Current
V Voltage
R Resistance
F Frequency
C Capacitance
W Power
IC Integrated circuit
LED Light Emitting Diode
AC Alternating current
DC Direct current
CPU Central Processing Unit
Ohms
NPN Negative – Positive – Negative
PNP Positive – Negative – Positive
1/0 Input/output
Vcc +5v = 1
GND Ground (0v)
EA Enable
ALE Address Latch enable
PSEN Program Latch enable
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Creation of secured access path to offices, homes, hotels, industries etc. has been a
successful discovery of man. As a result of this, it has been possible to create
door/gates that are well secured using smart card.
Individuals are becoming more aware of the dangers/ risk associated with relying
on keys or padlocks to provide security to unauthorized areas of their apartments.
Fraudsters/criminals can forge keys or make master keys that will be used to break
into such rooms or offices. To eliminate this insecure and old fashioned method,
the use of password in doors/gates mechanism evolved. The development of single
secret authentication such as password is an effective security control.
A long pass-word of more than ten characters that consists of random letters,
numbers and special character can be very difficult to crack. Unfortunately, users
cannot always remember the sort of pass-word, partly due to fundamental human
limitations.
However, most security guidance recommends at least eight character random
password. Because most users cannot commit eight character random password to
memory and many attempt to write it down on a piece of paper which can be
misplaced or seen by another person, while some users tend to choose easy to
remember passwords such as ‗123‘ or other easily guessed characters. Due to this
shortcoming of a single secret authentication, creation of two factor authentication
evolved.
Two-factor authentication i.e. System that uses card and pin code for
authentication overcame the issues of single secret authentication by the
requirement of a second secret. Two-factor authentication uses a combination of
the following items;
Something that the user has, such as hardware token or a smartcard.
Something the user knows, such as personal identification number (pin).
Smartcard and their associated pins are becoming increasingly popular, reliable
and cost effective. Two-factor authentication with the right control in place, the
user must have the smartcard and know the pin code to gain access to the required
apartment. The smartcard requirement significantly reduces the likelihood of
unauthorized access to an organization‘s outfit.
Hence to reduce or eliminate the access of unauthorized personnel into
unauthorized areas, an automated door/access path is to be constructed. This
involves controlling the doors/gates by an artificial means (artificial intelligence).
It involves the application of automated system that is incorporated into these
doors/gates for efficient and optimum performance. Taking the advantage of the
microcontroller as one of the fastest processing and intelligent instrument, was
incorporated into the system and interfaced with smartcard in order to achieve
accuracy in processing.
This project was constructed using microcontroller for better creativity and beauty
in design. The microcontroller (programmable) has series of instruction fed into it,
this help it to accomplish most intelligent task like the human brain. These include
detection of card, identification of password, displaying ―access granted‖, ―access
denied‖ and opening and closing of door/gate with the aid of the smart card. An
electromagnetic relay controls the opening and closing of the door/gate which is
moved to and fro by a synchronous motor (DC).
The microcontroller based security door using smart card is designed using the
89S52 microcontroller with appropriate software package. The project is
segmented into different module which includes; the mechanical,
electrical/electronic and programmable (computerized) part as listed below;
1. The microcontroller module
2. The keypad module
3. Electromagnetic relay
4. The display unit (module)
5. The Smart card module
6. The alarm signal module
7. The sliding door/gate
8. Electric motor
9. The Power Supply Module etc.
The microcontroller: The microcontroller does most of the addressing and
instruction execution through its data, address and control busses.
The Keypad: The keypad is used for selection i.e. As an input device to issue
instruction to the control processing unit (CPU) of the processor.
The smart card and its associated pin: provide the security system.
The Display Module: the display module shows the output of events that are
taking place.
The Electromagnetic Relay: The help of the relay is utilized by the CPU to
switch the motor ON which moves or turns causing the gate/door to slide to
the defined direction.
The Alarm Unit: The alarm unit produces an alarm signal when a wrong
password or pin code is entered more than three times.
The power supply Unit: The power supply unit supplies a voltage for optimum
operation of the circuit.
In all, this project demonstrates the integral function of what is obtainable in real
system.
1.1 AREAS OF APPLICATION
This project is applicable in areas where unauthorized personnel are restricted from
access as can be seen in
Offices
Hotels
Residential quarters
Banks Security System
Credit or ATM cards
Authorization card for pay television
Sims for mobile phones
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The major aim of this project is to construct a system that uses two-factor
authentication (smart card and their associated pins) to provide security control to
reduce the threat of authorized access to some restricted areas. It also aims at
bridging the technological gap between developing and developed countries of the
world.
1.3 PROJECT SCOPE
The construction of security door using smart card is based on discrete components
like resistors, transformers, Liquid crystal display, transistors, relays,
microcontroller, D.C motor, diodes, bridge rectifier, bolt and nuts, aluminum etc.
This project design can be mounted on hotels door, office door etc with the
incorporation of big dc motor and thyristor that will be able to drive specially
constructed sliding gate/door when activated.
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