TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page – – – – – – – – – – i
Approval Page – – – – – – – – – ii
Dedication – – – – – – – – – iii
Acknowledgement – – – – – – – – iv
Abstract – – – – – – – – – – v
Table of content – – – – – – – – vi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction – – – – – – – – 1
1.1 Aims and Objectives – – – – – – 2
1.2 Scope of the study – – – – – – – 2
1.3 Significance of the study – – – – – – 3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review – – – – – – – 4
2.1 Heat exchanger – – – – – – – 8
2.2 Application – – – – – – – – 10
2.3 Fluids in Heat Exchangers – – – – – 12
2.4 Terms used in Heat Exchangers – – – – 14
2.5 Types of Heat Exchanger – – – – – – 18
2.6 Selection of a Heat Exchanger – – – – – 22
2.7 Factors affecting the performance – – – – 23
2.8 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger – – – – 28
2.9 Computer Aided Design (Visual Basic.NET) – – 40
vii
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Methodology – – – – – – – – 48
3.1 Basic design procedure – – – – – – 48
3.2 Parameters for calculation – – – – – 49
3.3 Design Factor – – – – – – – – 53
3.4 Thermal Design- – – – – – – – 53
3.5 Basic heat transfer equation – – – – – 54
3.6 Overall heat transfer coefficient – – – – 56
3.7 Pressure drop – – – – – – – – 59
3.8 Description of Software – – – – – – 59b
3.9 Components of Software – – – – – – 59b
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results and Discussion – – – – – – 60
4.1 Comparison of thermal and computer design – – 62a
4.2 Flow chart of the Design program – – – – 63
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation – – – – 65
REFERENCES – – – – – – – – – 66
APPENDIX A
Statement – – – – – – – – – – 69
APPENDIX B
Tables and Graphs – – – – – – – – – 70
APPENDIX C
Thermal Design – – – – – – – – – – 76
APPENDIX D
Program Codes – – – – – – – – – – 87
v
ABSTRACT
The exchange of heat is one of the most important processes in the
chemical industry and the Shell and tube heat exchanger is the
major equipment used to transfer heat from one medium to
another. This research project work on the Computer Aided Design
(CAD) of shell and tube heat exchanger with double passes aims to
provide an easy way to design shell and tube heat exchangers. A
case study question was given and all the necessary calculations in
the thermal design are carried out using Kern’s method of heat.
exchanger design. The thermal design is then used as a guide to the
computer aided design using computer codes.
The computer software program used is the most recent version of
Visual Basic called Visual Basic NET (VB.NET) because of its
numerous advantages over the other software programmes. The
result gotten from the computer aided design was compared to the
result from the thermal design. The computer aided design software
was equally used to test other problems on shell and tube heat
exchanger.
Because the computer aided design was found to be more accurate,
quicker and more efficient, it was recommended for use in
companies and industries.
1
CHAPTER 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Heat Exchangers are specialized devices that assist in the transfer
of heat from one fluid to the other. In some cases, a solid wall may
separate the fluids and prevent them from mixing. In other designs,
the fluids may be in direct contact with each other. In the most
efficient heat exchangers the surface area of the wall between the
fluids is maximized while simultaneously mixing the fluid flow
resistance. Fins or corrugation are sometimes used with the wall in
order to increase the surface area and to induce turbulence. There
are three primary flow arrangements with heat exchangers:
Counter-flow, Parallel flow and Cross flow.
The most common type of heat exchangers used in the process,
petroleum, chemical and HVAC industries intended for heating
process fluids is Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers. Shell and tube
heat exchangers are used when a process requires large amounts of
fluids to be heated or cooled. Due to their design, they offer a large
heat transfer area and provide high heat transfer efficiency. They
consist of tubes and shells. The tubes act as the flow channels for
one of the fluids in the heat exchanger, these exchangers are often
parallel in order to provide a large surface area for the heat transfer.
The shell on the other hand holds the tube bundle and acts as the
conduit for the fluid. The shell assembly houses the shell side
connections and is the actual structure in to which the tube bundle
is placed.
Shell and tube heat exchangers are used in applications where the
pressure and temperature demands are high. They serve a wide
range of applications in compressor system, hydraulic system,
stationary engines, pain systems, air dryers, lube oil consoles and
several marine applications.
2
1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
AIM: Design and development of software for solving shell and tube
heat exchanger with double passes.
OBJECTIVES:
– To design a one shell pass and two tubes pass heat exchanger
using Basic design Procedure and theory
-To investigate the true counter current flow in double pass heat
exchanger as compared to other passes of heat exchanger.
– To develop software for solving shell and tube heat exchanger and
other forms of heat exchanger.
1.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study is intended to focus on the design and development of
software for solving heat exchangers with double passes. The index
of studying the heat exchanger includes:
– The Basic design procedure and theory for the shell and
tube heat exchanger
With one shell pass and two tube passes.
Solving problems in shell and tube heat exchanger using a
software/ computer programming language Visual Basic
(NET)
The factors affecting performance of shell and tube heat
exchanger and the pattern of flow of the streams/fluids in
them.
Their functions and general applications in Engineering.
3
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Anyone who wants to use a heat exchanger faces a fundamental
challenge, fully defining the problem to be solved which requires an
understanding of the thermodynamic and transport properties of
fluid. Such knowledge can be combined with some simple
calculations to define a specific heat transfer problem and select an
appropriate heat exchanger.
Heat exchangers serve as straight forward purpose controlling a
system’s or substance’s energy. Although there are many different
sizes, levels of sophistication and types of heat exchangers, they all
use a thermally conducting tube or plate to separate two fluids
such that one can transfer thermal energy to the other.
This study thereby necessitates the need for the design and
development of software for which will lead to near maximum
performance of a heat exchanger.
Finally, the data obtained from this procedure shows that a one
shell-pass and two tube-pass heat exchangers is more efficient than
most heat exchangers in fluids thermal conductivity and transfer
combustion
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