ABSTRACT
The magnitude of operational losses in the supply of electricity in Nigeria has been growing significantly. Issues of theft and illegal connection pose major challenges in the energy distribution. This has greatly worsened the current electricity supply in the country; hence, the need for the design of a robust system for identifying or detecting illegal electricity consumption.
In this study, an Automated Remote Power Management System (ARPMS) was developed for detection of meter bypassing, tampering and illegal load shedding. ARPMS consisted of embedded microcontroller, Current and Voltage Sensors (CVS), and Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) module for effective detection of meter tempering. The microcontroller was embedded with microprograms for task regulation and control functions. The CVSs were used to monitor and report deviations from the normal signals. The GSM module was used for remote communication and control. The microcontroller was programmed using embedded C. A user-study experiment, which involved fifty (50) purposively selected electrical engineers, was carried out to evaluate the proposed system. The engineers subjected the system to different scenarios of bypass. A structured questionnaire guide was used to capture responses from the engineers. Descriptive analysis was conducted on the performance data of the ARPMS from the engineers.
The result showed that ARPMS had 100% efficiency, 96% acceptance and a remote communication index of 0.99. This showed that ARPMS had high capability for detecting meter tempering. The result also showed that the real time ARPMS was able to evaluate the amount of consumed energy by a building through remote monitoring and control of domestic energy meter, and gave the information about the meter reading to the utility company through Short Message Services (SMS). ARPMS provided regular status of the meter on a predefined interval, and displayed user’s account update in real time. This system also detected electricity power bypass by consumers. The ARPMS controlled technology demonstrated the capability of providing a better mechanism for collecting power consumption bills in advance.
In conclusion, an efficient ARPMS for preventing power theft has been developed. It also used GSM based technology to perform billing related processes at all times. The system is therefore recommended for electricity Distribution Companies (DISCOs) for efficient management of energy consumption and prepaid billing.
Keywords: Automated Remote, Monitoring, Microcontroller, GSM Communication, Embedded C
Word Count: 376
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Content Page
Cover Page
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Abstract v
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables xi
List of Figures xiii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study 1
1.1.1 Motivation 4
1.1.2 Summary of Motivation 5
1.1.3 Measure and Methods of Stealing Electricity 6
1.1.4 Factors that Influence Illegal Consumers 10
1.2 Statement of the Problem 10
1.3 Objective of the Study 11
1.4 Significance of the Study 11
Content Page
1.5 Scope of the Study 11
1.6 Organization of the Study 12
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Conceptual Review 14
2.1.1 Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) Electricity 17
2.1.2 Smart Meter 17
2.1.3 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) 17
2.1.4 Pulse Detection and Electric metering system 17
2.1.5 Power Utility Control Central –Recharging Process 18
2.1.6 Design of energy meter using SIM 19
2.1.6.1 Fixed charge collector – Hand-Reset Type 19
2.1.6.2 Fixed charge collector – Time Switch Type 19
2.1.6.3 Flat rate tariff meter 19
2.1.6.4 Two-part tariff – Fixed Rate Type 20
2.1.6.5 Two-part tariff – Variable Rate Type 20
2.1.6.6 Double tariff, Current Change-Over Type 20
2.1.6.7 Double tariff, time Change-Over Type 20
2.1.7 Payment Solutions: Coins, Token, Pin, Barcode, Memory Card
and Smart Card 21
Content Page
2.1.7.1 Coins 21
2.1.7.2 Token or pin 21
2.1.7.3 Memory cards 21
2.1.7.4 Barcodes 22
2.1.7.5 Smart cards 22
2.1.7.6 Mobile Phone 22
2.2 Theoretical Framework 31
2.3 Empirical Review 33
2.3.1 Design of Energy Meter Using a Smart Card 34
2.3.2 Design and Development of Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) System 34
2.3.3 Wireless Electrical Meter Reading Based on ZIGBEE Technology 35
2.3.4 Automatic Meter Reading System using GPRS Technology 35
2.3.5 ZIGBEE based meter to measure the electricity consumption 35
2.3.6 Automatic Meter Reading using Wireless Network 35
2.3.7 Impact of Smart Metering on Energy Efficiency 36
2.3.8 The Path of the Smart Grid on Rising Cost of Energy Consumption 36
2.3.9 Automation of Residential Electricity Meter Reading 36
2.3.10 Prepaid Electricity Meter System based on RFID 36
2.3.11 Prepaid Energy Meter Based on AVR microcontroller 37
Content Page
2.3.12 Development of a Vigilant Energy Meter 37
2.3.13 Wireless Electric Meter Reading 37
2.3.14 Automated wireless meter reading system for monitoring power theft
andcontrolling power Consumption 38
2.3.15 Electrical Power Theft Detection and Wireless Meter Reading 38
2.3.16 Wireless Power Theft Detection 38
2.3.17 The cImpact of the Pre-Paid Meter onRevenue Generation in Nigeria 38
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design 40
3.2 Block diagram 42
3.2.1 Microcontroller unit 43
3.2.2 Relay unit 43
3.2.3 GSM modem 43
3.2.4 Liquid crystal display 44
3.3 Design of the power supply unit 44
3.3.1 Circuit explanations 44
3.4 Design of a voltage sensing device that automatically adjusts
the power factor of the electricity supply through its calibration 47
3.5 Design of a current sensing device to measure the accurate
consumed by the load 47
Content Page
3.6 Programming of PIC18F252 microcontroller that will measure
current, voltage, and calculate the power from the load 47
3.7 Programming of the recharge 50
3.8 Prepaid meter reading and reconciliation between energy service
provided and communication company 51
3.9 Display unit 52
3.10 Interfacing circuit for liquid crystal display (LCD) 53
3.11 Interfacing SIM 300 with PIC18F252 96 55
3.12 SMS controller unit 55
3.13 Algorithm for energy metering system at consumer’s end 56
3.13.1 Algorithm used for the implementation of the intelligent
prepaid energy meter 57
3.13.2 Explanation of code 58
3.14 Design of the relay 61
3.14.1 Program explanation of code 63
3.15 Over current detector 63
3.16 Design flowchart 65
3.17 By-pass detection unit 66
3.17.1 Explanation of the code 67
Content Page
CHAPTER FOUR:DATA ANALYSIS, RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
4.1 Simulation of LCD with the Microcontroller Unit (MCU) 69
4.2 Power Calculation 69
4.2.1 Explanation of the Code for Power Evaluation 73
4.3 Calculation and result 73
4.4 System simulation 81
4.5 Block Testing 83
4.5.1 Power supply 83
4.5.2 Voltage sensing circuit 83
4.5.3 Relay (Latch for load) 83
4.5.4 Testing of max 232 driver 86
4.5.5 Interfacing the GSM with PIC18F252 86
4.6 System Testing 86
4.7 Result of SMS sent 88
4.8 System Evaluation 88
Content Page
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary 90
5.1.1 Summary of Work 91
5.2 Conclusion 91
5.3 Recommendations 92
5.4 Contribution to Knowledge 92
5.5 Suggestions for Further Studies 94
References 95
Appendix I: Major legal references 99
Appendix II: Program code for prepaid Energy meter 101
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
4.1 Test result of energy measurement by the intelligent prepaid Energy
meter where p=60W 73
4.2 Test result of energy measurement by the intelligent prepaid Energy
meter. P= 120W 75
4.3 Test result of energy measurement by the intelligent prepaid energy
meter. p = 1+80W 77
4.4 Test result of Energy measurement by the intelligent prepaid energy
meter. P=240W 79
5.1 Summary of Contribution 93
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1.1 Statistical graph of analyzing electricity theft 5
1.2 Tapping electricity directly from a distribution feeder-bypassing the
Meter 7
1.3 Technique used by illegal consumers to regulate the supply
voltage and manipulate the energy meter reading 8
2.1 Payment by coins 23
2.2 Payment by Token or PIN 24
2.3 Payment by memory cards 25
2.4 Payment by Barcodes 26
2.5 Payment by smart cards 27
2.6 Payment by mobile phones 28
2.7 Flowchart for prepaid electricity 29
2.8 Vending process 30
3.1 Block diagram of the prepaid energy meter 42
3.2 Connection diagram of power supply 46
3.3 Programmable Chip Pinout 49
3.4 Connection diagram of LCD with microcontroller 54
3.5 Connection diagram of Relay driver 62
3.6 Development flowchart of the intelligent energy meter 65
Figure Page
4.1 Simulation of LCD with the MCU 71
4.2 Energy consumption for test 1 74
4.3 Energy consumption for test 2 76
4.4 Energy consumption for test 3 78
4.5 Energy consumption for test 4 80
4.6 Sample Test for system simulation 82
4.7 Sample Test for power supply circuit 84
4.8 Sample Test for voltage sensing circuit 85
4.9 Sample Test for GSM interfacing to PICI8F252 through MAX 232 87
4.10 Complete intelligent Energy meter circuit 89
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Electricity is very crucial to the socio-economic and technological development of every country. One of the indices used to measure the development of an economy is uninterrupted power supply. It is widely accepted that there is a strong correlation between the availability of electricity and socio-economic development. The supply of electricity in Nigeria incurs substantial capital. The enormity of these costs is growing astronomically across the globe. To decipher the unlawful users of electricity in a bid to enhance the economy of utility company, efficiency and protection of the grid, a novel procedure for scrutinizing electricity usage patterns of customers and recognizing illegal consumers is proposed and implemented. Nigeria electric power network operator, electricity Distribution Companies of Nigeria (DISCOs) has for a long period of time been combating the problem of revenue collation. This is majorly attributed to the fact that electricity bills are sent to consumers after consumption. Consumers are usually unwilling to pay electricity bills as a result of epileptic nature of the electricity supplied which is not usually mirrored in the bills which are basically estimates of power usage and not usually commensurate to the true amount of electricity consumed by the respective consumer.
The low reliability of electric power supply has little bearing on the network operator because whether power is provided or not, in the post-paid method, the monthly electricity bills are still sent to consumers. Hence, the user bears the cost of generating power for their personal usage as well as that of the electricity that was never provided by DISCOs. Due to the enormity of the debt accrued by customers, the network operator initiated a cash collection policy named Revenue Cycle Management (RCM) which involves collecting monies owed through private establishments. This failed to give the anticipated results; hence DISCOs came up with the digital pre-paid meter in 2006 whose operation is somewhat synonymous with the loading of an airtime voucher in the Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) handset. If power is available and the pre-paid meter is loaded with units, the loaded unit diminishes only when the load is connected and stops when power is interrupted. In the last decade, smart cards evolved from basic memory cards to complex systems on chips with a processing power that can be expanded. This became an avenue for the invention of many applications used in the world today. The smart card, an intelligent token, is a credit card sized plastic card embedded within an integrated circuit chip. A smart card usually consists of a Read Only Memory (ROM) or flash memory, Electrical Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM) and a Central Processing Unit (CPU). The smart card operating system controls access to data on the card. The card operating system does not only make the smart card secure for access control, but also has the capability to store a private key for a public key infrastructure system.
Recently, the industry has come up with 32-bit smart card processors having more than 400Kbytes of EEPROM, and a memory management and protection unit serving as a firewall for the hardware. This hardware firewall enables secure separation of adjacent applications, as well as being the basis for secure downloading of applications. The self-containment of smart card makes it somewhat attack proof as it does not need to be relied upon potentially attack susceptible external resources. Due to this feature, smart cards are often used in diverse applications which require strong security and authentication. In addition to information security, smart cards achieve greater physical security of services and equipment, because a smart card limits access to only authorized users.
Furthermore, the smart card can be used as a credit/debit bank card which makes it relevant for e-commerce applications. The multi-application smart card, along with the advent of open platform smart card operating systems, brings the only viable option for handling multiple electronic transactions these days. It is a cost effective secure way to manage transactions electronically Manufacturers, issuers and users have come to appreciate the value of one card that manages multi-applications. A multi-application card will be able to amongst other things do an automatic update of new services as well as existing applications, change and store user profiles for each application and be usable on a range of devices. One of the most valuable applications is in using the smart card to buy energy. Recently, the portal technology has been playing an increasing role in computing. Service providers are rolling out portals to allow users to create customized web sites that display exactly the information on the Card and transformer. Corporations are rolling out portals to provide employees and business partner’s customizable access to corporate information. For web enabled energy services, and with the introduction of home networking technology, power companies and service providers can offer value-added services to the homes, like energy management, to generate additional revenue as well as to increase convenience and loyalty. In this research work, we propose a novel and simple prototype of a web enabled smart card based solution for controlling the consumption of electricity in a home environment. The proposed system can calculate the total voltage consumption and the structure health condition of the transformer as well as the total voltage distributed by the transformer. For a while now, energy conservation has been a topical issue. In practical terms, people use much more power than what they actually need and that is responsible for the consequent huge loss of energy.
Moreover, the continuous increase in the universal energy prices has led to a colossal economical loss. Thus, we are proposing a prepaid electricity smart card based system that will enable people to buy specific quantum of energy for use only when needed. People can subscribe for this service and recharge their accounts through the Mobile Phone. The power meter used in this study interrupts the controller at a rate of 0.75Wph based on the particular tariff used and the amount of power consumption needed, the correct amount of money to be loaded into the card can be easily calculated and programmed into the chip. The unique feature about this system is that the electric utility in the home environment can be accessed remotely from the supplier server. The study provides people with the opportunity of buying electricity in advance, using the prepaid electricity cards. Thus, people can use only the amount of power they really require.
The proposed power management system will benefit the end customer as well as the electric utility in that the customer can recharge his account wirelessly from his home using Mobile Communication Module and the status of meter is indicated through a Short Message Services (SMS). The device will show the remaining balance so that the user knows how much he has consumed and can plan ahead and know when he needs to recharge the account and moreover, this strategy provides the utility companies the avenue to collect the expenses from customers in advance. Thus, they will no longer have to deal with late payments or non-payment of bills by the customers. This also helps to reduce electricity theft through bypass.
1.1.1 Motivation
Losses that occur during generation can be measured, but Transmission and Distribution (T&D) losses cannot be quantified completely from the end where information is sent. According to Depuru (2012), distribution losses in several countries have been reported to be over 30%. Substantial quantity of losses proves that Non-Technical Losses (NTL) are involved in power distribution. Total losses during T&D can be evaluated from the information like total load and the total energy billed, using established standards and formulae. In general, NTL are as a result of factors external to the power system. Electricity theft constitutes a major chunk of the NTL.
Electricity theft can be defined as, using electricity from the utility without a contract or valid obligation to alter its measurement. The world over, T&D losses are more than the total installed generation capacity of countries such as Germany, the UK, or France. It is estimated that around the world, utilities lose more than $25 billion every year to illegal consumption of electricity. It has also been discovered that the illegal consumption of power by the local business sector is on the increase. The quality of the power generated, transmitted, and distributed has an impact on the power system components and customer appliances. Due to the illegal consumption of electricity, estimating the overall load in real time becomes very difficult (Depuru, Wang, &Devabhaktuni, 2012).
Figure 1.1: Statistical graph of analyzing electricity theft of Nigeria, Mexico, Pakistan, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Brazil (Source: Soma and Depuru, 2012)
1.1.2 Summary of Motivation
- In post paid system, there is no control of usage from the consumer’s side. In this system, a lot of power is wasted due to the consumer’s lack of planning of electrical consumption in an efficient way.
- A lot of inconvenience is associated with having to visit every consumer’s home. Sometimes rooms or houses are found locked and thus made inaccessible.
- For manual reading, in different houses, there are varying conditions that lead to results being approximated, especially when the meters are inside the home or in a hard-to-access place. In the typing stage also there is room for errors. All these make the billing inaccurate.
- Consumers may not be aware of the costs and service consumption till the statement charges are received. This might create problems for the customers when payment is to be made.
- Payment by the consumer is expected periodically at a fixed period. If the customer fails to make payment within the period, the service is disconnected manually until payment is made.
- The billing system requires manpower, which substantially increases the network operation costs. Due to the aforementioned reasons, the conventional billing systems are discrete, inaccurate, costly, slow, and lack flexibility.
1.1.3 Measures and Methods of Stealing Electricity
In general, electricity consumers may be categorized into genuine customers, partial illegal consumers, and illegal consumers. There are several methods used in pilfering electricity as will be discussed. The most common and simplest way of pilfering electricity is tapping energy directly from an overhead distribution feeder as shown in the Figure 1.2. The next method of electricity theft is the manipulation of energy meters that are used for recording and billing industrial, commercial and household energy consumption, as explained in Figure 1.3.
Figure 1.2: Tapping electricity directly from a distribution feeder – bypassing the meter
(Source: Soma and Depuru, 2012)
Figure 1.3: Technique used by illegal consumers to regulate the supply voltage and manipulate the energy meter reading (Source: Soma and Depuru, 2012)
There are many methods used to tamper with such meters, some of these may include:
- Exposing meters to strong magnetic fields to erase the memory content of the prepaid meter.
- Inserting a film or depositing high viscous fluid to disturb the rotation of disc.
- Implementation of advanced technologies such as remote sensing devices.
- Tampering the crystal frequency of integrated circuits.
- Creating a link between the breaking control wires in an energy meter so as to divert the current reading in the meter from reflecting zero reading at all times.
- In the case of electronic meters, Radio Frequency (RF) devices are installed which affect the accuracy of the meter.
- A shunt could be installed between the incoming and outgoing meter terminals.
- Damaging the pressure coil of the meter.
- Resetting the meter reading.
- Introducing unwanted harmonics.
- Exposing the meter to mechanical shock.
- Voltage could be regulated from the meter terminals, making it to read a lesser quantity of consumption than the original.
A popular way of lowering the energy meter reading without directly tampering with the meter is shown in Figure 1.3. Here, supply voltage is regulated to manipulate the meter reading. Illegal consumers accomplish this by using one of the three phases; disconnect neutral from the distribution feeder, and using a different neutral for the return path.
Therefore, the energy meter’s working is premised on the assumption that the voltage between the connected phase and the new neutral is zero, implying that the total energy consumed is zero. Another way of stealing electricity is by isolating neutral and disturbing the electronic reference point by physically damaging the meter. The voltage to be read by energy meter can then be manipulated by controlling the neutral. Generally, illegal consumption of electricity will be predominant only within those hours of the day when the customer’s demand is high. This kind of theft (partial illegal consumption) is very difficult to measure, as the energy consumption pattern is uneven over a period of time. In addition, corrupt employees are usually responsible for billing irregularities; they record an amount of consumption that is lower than the original consumption. On the other hand, improper calibration and illegal recalibration of energy meters can also account for NTL. However, in most of the meter tampered locations, damaged meter terminals and/or illegal practices may not be visible during inspection.
1.1.4 Factors that Influence Illegal Consumers
Factors that influence consumers to steal electricity depend upon a variety of environmental factors that fall into multiple categories. Among these categories, the socio-economic factors appear to be the most predominant reason why people steal electricity. More concisely, some of the important factors are:
- The erroneous idea that it is not dishonest to steal something from a public institution or large – scale enterprise however it is dishonest to steal from an individual.
- Higher energy prices, unemployment or poor finances of a consumer.
- Corrupt employees are usually the agents that facilitate billing discrepancies.
- Some consumers might not be educated about issues, laws and offenses related to energy theft.
- Weak accountability and enforcement of the law.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The conventional electromechanical meters are being replaced by new electronic meters to improve accuracy in meter reading. Still, the Nigeria power sector faces a serious problem of low revenue collection for the actual electric energy supplied due to the fact that the utility officer carries out inaccurate calculations of voltage, current and power by the energy meter, inability of query request about the working condition of the energy meter from distant locations, the ability of the consumers to form long queues in order to buy credit for their Energy Meters, but for those that make use of the prepaid meters have to wait for several days for them to be re- connected whenever there is disconnection because some of the prepaid payment points for the purchase of token are very far from the consumers.
The major problem is the issue of bypass by the consumer, where high voltages consumptions are connected away from the meter and only low voltage consumption are connected.
1.3 The Objective of the Study
The main objective of this study is to design an Automated Remote Power Management System (ARPMS). The specific objectives are to:
- carryout extensive literature survey on existing works on prepaid meter;
- synchronize the operational capabilities through SMS and implement a real time system to calculate the amount of units consumed and
- design, implement and evaluate the automated remote power management system as a solution to energy theft.
1.4 Significance of the Study
The design and construction of the prepaid energy meter would help to accurately calculate the amount of consumed energy by a certain building, and indicate exact location and distribution line on which unauthorized tapping occurs. The remaining energy available from a pre-purchase of electricity is done by means of recharge through SMS service which provides the utility company with regular status of the meter on a predefined interval, and displays a real time on the user’s account update, which contributes to the retrieval of the balance of the meter, as well as keeping log of the consumed energy and remaining electricity of each user by the means of SMS, to achieve accuracy of meter reading, reduce billing error and operation cost as well as expose energy theft by bypassing voltages.
With this new system, customers are confident that they are not being exploited, power pilfering is eliminated, rogue customers are shut off, prevention of bypass and the huge revenue loss which was inherent in the traditional metering system is completely avoided.
1.5 Scope of the Study
A quad band GSM modem with a registered SIM (subscriber identification module) card with unique numbers was used in this work. The communication process employed here is achieved by installing sets of Attention (AT) command strings in the GSM modems through HyperTerminal software which comes with Microsoft operating system. With the aid of the installed AT command strings, instructions and data are sent and received by the GSM modems respectively. Data received from the consumer unit are used to update the customer’s database at the office of the power providing company.
The Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM) of the microcontroller is updated each time a customer pays his/her bills via SMS recharge by simply sending a secret pin from his mobile number to the developed system. Other information such as total energy consumed, total amount paid on consumption, the amount of bill paid and the amount left to be used, success of recharge, power disconnect/reconnect by the supply company, and critically low unit is communicated through the customer’s mobile phone to the customer via SMS.
1.6 Organization of the Study
The study provided background information on the subject matter by highlighting the specific objectives of the study. The central idea of the literature review in chapter two is to critically examine the Historical Development of intelligent prepaid energy meter, the required measure needed by consumers in stealing electricity, factors that influence illegal consumption, and the gap between the existing authors and the proposed intelligent prepaid energy meter.
The methodology used is the principle of embedded system with serial communication. The EEPROM of the microcontroller is updated each time a customer pays his/her bills via SMS recharge by simply sending a secret pin from his mobile number to the developed system. The user’s interface consists of Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) which displays energy consumed, the amount of bill paid and the amount left to be used. Information such as unit recharged, success of recharge, power disconnect/reconnect by the supply company, and when the unit left is critically low to avoid loss of power supply is communicated through the customer’s mobile phone to the customer via SMS.
The result and discussion describes the implementations of the system blocks diagram described in chapter 3, starting with block and system simulation, followed by block and system testing. It also discusses the results obtained from those tests and implementations.
The conclusion, recommendation & future work described tangible benefits of the system proposed in this study in terms of reducing the cost of (meter reading, detecting meter tampering and misuse of electricity). As the system is automated, the retrieved data can serve other purposes like online billing system, demand analysis, amongst others. For future work, more research can be done to develop meters that calculate the total voltage on a transformer and the cost on that voltage before it is distributed so that it can be used for comparative analysis. Furthermore, similar technologies can be designed for water meters, gas meters and other types of meters.
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