TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page – – – – – – – – – –
Letter of transmittal – – – – – – – –
Approval page – – – – – – – – –
Dedication – – – – – – – – – –
Abstract- – – – – – – – – – –
CHAPTER ONE
- Introduction – – – – – – – –
1.1.1 The scope of the study – – – – – –
1.1.2 Aims and objectives of the study – – – –
1.1.3 Statement of the problem – – – – – –
1.1.4 Background of the study – – – – – –
CHAPTER TWO
- Literature Review – – – – – – –
2.1.1 process description – – – – – – –
2.1.2 Etymology – – – – – – – – –
2.1.3 Preparation – – – – – – – –
2.1.4 Preparation from Ethane – – – – –
2.1.5 from other source – – — – – – –
2.1.6 History of Ethanol – – – – – –
2.1.7 Properties – – – – – – – –
2.1.8 Overview of the section- – – – – –
2.1.9 Absorber design theory – – – – – –
2.2.0 Design Equation- – – – – – – –
2.2.1 Calculation of Tower Height – – – – –
CHAPTER THREE
3.1.0 Fundamental of Material Balance – – – –
3.1.1 Introduction- – – – – – – – –
3.1.2 The equivalent of mass and energy balance – –
3.1.3 Conservation of Mass- – – – – – –
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1.0 Fundamentals of Energy Balances – – – –
4.1.1 Introduction- – – – – – – – –
4.1.2 Conservation of Energy – – – – – –
4.1.3 Forms of Energy- – – – – – – –
4.1.4 Potential Energy- – – – – – – –
4.1.5 Kinetic Energy- – – – – – – –
4.1.6 Internal Energy- – – – – – – –
4.1.7 Work- – – – – – – – – –
4.1.8 Heat- – – – – – – – – –
4.1.9 Electrical energy – – – – – – – –
4.2.0 The energy balance- – – – – – –
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1.0 Equipment specification and design – –
5.1.1 Introduction- – – – – – – –
5.1.2 Design calculation and specification of an (Absorber)Scrubber – – – – – – –
CHAPTER SIX
6.1.0 Introduction- – – – – – – –
6.1.1 Accuracy and purpose of capital cost estimate- – – – – – – – – –
6.1.2 Fixed and working capital investment –
6.1.3 Operating cost- – – – – – – –
6.1.4 Fixed cost- – – – – – – – –
6.1.5 Variable costs- – – – – – – –
6.1.6 Raw materials- – – – – – – –
6.1.7 Miscellaneous materials(plant supplies)
6.1.8 Utilities(services)– – – – – – –
6.1.9 Maintenance- – – – – – – –
6.2.0 Operating labor- – – – – – –
6.2.1 Supervision- – – – – – – –
6.2.2 Laboratory costs – – – – – –
6.2.3 Plant overheads – – – – – –
6.2.4 capital changes – – – – – – –
6.2.5 shipping and packaging – – – – –
6.2.6 royalties and license fees – – – – –
6.2.7 Cost estimation of the Absorber – – – –
CHAPTER SEVEN
7.1.0 instrumentation and control of an absorber –
CHAPTER EIGHT
8.1.0 Conclusion and recommendations – – – -8.1.1 Conclusion- – – – – – – – –
8.1.2 Recommendation- – – – – – – –
Appendix A
Material balance calculation – – – – – – –
Appendix B
Energy Balance Calculation- – – – – – –
Appendix C
Equipment design for chlorobenzene column – –
Reference
ABSTRACT
The general approach to any design of a process plant involve an advanced network of chemical engineering process. Absorber is a process plant or equipment that are used in the purification of gas or separation of unwanted gas from the mixture when it comes in contact with the liquid. In this models mass transfer reaction and equilibrium process as they prevail in conventional tray absorbers and in cascade of trickle bed reactors are incorporated. Owring to the mass transfer characteristics of the latter type of absorber i.e the larger ratio between the gas phase and the liquid phase mass transfer coefficient for the higher the selectivities for absorption to take place. Also owing to the production of 100,000 metric tone of ethanol by direct hydration of ethylene requires information on the manufacturing process, equipment parameters, material of construction, cost, physical parameters or process materials, energy balance and equipment design and also specifications. In all these and at all stages of design from initial plant startup and production requires the knowledge of both the unit process and unit operations involved. A survey of the literature reveals general information and specific data pertaining to the development of a design project such from publication dealing with the subject under investigation. The material and energy balance are accounted for using the concept of mass, heat, pressure, energy etc. the material balance accounts for the mass balance around the various streams while the energy balance also accounts for energy flow around different equipment units. Then after the equipment unit (absorber) has been design and specified, the costing of the process equipment was also carried out. Finally, the conclusion and recommendation were drawn.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1.0 INTRODUCTION
Chemical process design is principally concerned with the application and hence it is an alternative decision making tool used in developing chemical engineering systems and devices for optimal conversion of resources into useful and desired ends. It utilizes the knowledge of other chemical engineering courses to produce complete feasible process plant.
Chemical engineering is that part of engineering concerned with the process which changes the composition and properties of mater in bulk. These changes may be either chemical, physical in nature or both. Chemical engineering is also concerned with the development of these process and improvement of process already in existence. It achieves this through the application of chemistry, physics and mathematics as well as economics and other basic engineering principles.
Thus, matter(s) undergo a required change in composition, energy content or physical state through the means of processing in which the resulting products and their applications are useful to man.
1.1.1 THE SCOPE AND LIMITATION
The scope of this study is based on design of an absorber in the process plant for the production of ethanol by direct hydration of ethylene. Because of importance of ethanol and it usefulness in the society then for the design of an absorber in a process plant for the production of 100,000 metric tonnes per year of ethanol by direct hydration of ethylene involves the following steps:
- The development of the process flow diagram
- Physical property data of the streams
- Energy balance calculation
- Mass balance calculation
- The design of the equipment unit then finally the costing and the necessary conclusion and recommendation.
1.1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The aim of this project is to design an absorber 100,000 capacity for the production of ethanol by direct hydration of ethylene of which the purity is 95 – 96% using 5 – 6kg of phosphoric acid. Hydration of ethylene is unveil due to the demand for highly useful product of ethanol and its importance and a relentless for highly pursuant of greater efforts into techniques of absorber.
1.1.3 STATEMENT OF TE PROBLEM
The statement of this problem is the design of an absorber process plant for the production of ethanol by direct hydration of ethylene. After conversion, most of the reactants are converted to product (ethanol) while some remain untouched or unreacted and some by product are formed.
in the product separation, by-product are separated from the product while the unreacted ethylene are recycled in the reaction mixture to start the process.
1.1.4 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
This absorber plat or equipment identifies the nomenclature used in this work and point out the values available to control the process. The inlet, outlet and equilibrium sections are the degree of freedom in an absorber which are represented by stream inlet, stream outlet and mass transfer values.
Based on this invention it is purpose is based on the production of ethylene which is the direct hydration process gaseous ethylene and water vapour and chemically combined over a hydration catalyst to produce ethanol.
the flux values are sued as either the stream the product or the main transfer coefficient is set independently to define the production rate of the values. We call this the demand stream. No matter what value we used for the absorption or how we use them fundamentally there are two typing we manipulate. The just stream (water & gas) tells us that the absorption flow and the waste flow must equal the stream flow.
The stream sight is said to be amount of stream that leaves as purified on produced and the amount that enters at the top of the bottom in the absorber for absorption to take place.
The overall design depend on the number of input and the difficulty in absorption.
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