ABSTRACT
Failures of the corporate business organization in Nigerian a trend that is now becoming a rule rather than the exception in our national life. It has assumed such a phenomenal dimension that now threatens the fabric of national economy. This traffic development has induced fear into the minds of many potential investors (government and individuals) thus discouraging meaningful investments eminent business scholars and practitioners have blamed this ugly development on non-application of Effective planning by these corporate business entities in their management styles. They believe that it was either because the present crop of corporate executives are ignorant of the concept of Effective management or that they lack the required skills to meet with the expectation of Effective planning. This is why strictly need to look into Effective planning and organizational performance in Nigeria. The population of the strictly uses 280 respondent which later reduced to a sample size of 165 using yaro yameni sampling method. Simple percentage method was also applied in the analysis and interpretation of the study finding that efficiency and effectiveness of workers and needed to promote performance and Effective planning creates massive improvement in organizational performance and sustaining corporate entities through increased productivity. Therefore top company management should engage only skilled personnel’s who would adopt scientific techniques to plan Effectiveally.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Effective planning which is process chart involves analyzing the opportunities and threats in the market place, while building the strengths and correcting the weaknesses within the firm, also involves setting goals for specific product marker and for the firm (Bernett and Wilsted (1988) and since it is perceived as a mediating force between the organization and its environment it has become highly imperative for business organization to adopt it so as to enhance productivity.
This is sequel to that fact chart business enterprises under the prevailing economic environment of today, have to be up and doing so as to be efficient to survive. High price due to increasing production costs coupled with severe liquidity squeeze necessitated by the dwindling external value of our national currency, have had a serious dampening effect on consumer demand having been faced, therefore, with a high costs of production, diminishing markets and environmental uncertainties, business organization have had to compete move aggressively with one another to attain acceptable volumes of production, sales and a good market share2. Suffice it to say, therefore, that the complexity of today’s business, coupled with the turbulence in the economic waters of the nation, makes it very turbulence in the economic waters of the nation, makes it very doubtful if any modern business organization of reasonable size can survive this competitive environment without adequate Effective planning. No wonder, that Effective planning has become increasing important to managers in recent years. And since it defines fundamental goals and objective in specific terms, and determines the means to achieve them as well as provides a basic, long-range framework into which other forms of planning can fit, it can, therefore, be said to have a very strong influence on the survival and growth of an organizational most especially in a volatile environment.
Consequent upon that, business organizations needs plans to be able to predict unforeseen contingencies, minimize production costs, as well as wastage and then be able to
grapple with competitions in a programmed manner – which is the essence of Effective planning. All business organizations need to plan ahead whatever the kind of market, competitive, oligopolistic or monopolistic in which they operate an organization operating in a competitive market needs to plan and design strategies such as will ensure first, its survival and when its continued profitability. A firm operating in an oligopolistic market has move critical reason for planning because of the fierceness of the competition in such market and even the monopolist organization has to continually develop new strategies to maintain its position or else it will soon be faced with competition. A wrong investment decision in today’s business would likely to entail a huge financial loss.
A fundamental and pertinent question arises as to why some organizations are outstandingly successful while others achieve marginal or moderate successes and others fail alarmingly. It is also asked as to what it is about organizations that tend to make some ability of their managers to pull critical levers at important points in the evolutionary development of their companies.
For these managers, the trick is knowing which levers to pull, and when to pull these levers to pull, and when to pull these levers to produce the desire and significant results in term of increased productivity which leads to high profitability of their organizations. We may identify these critical levers as organizational strategies. Strategy and Effective planning in the context of business organizations, refer the major action programmes that are used by organizations to achieve their mission and goals. The focus of all business organization is viability and profitability. The first requirement of the spirit of organization is high performance standards for the group as well as for individuals in the organization. A successful organization is most often in efficient enterprise one of the major focuses of management by objectives is to have managers set high performance standards for themselves. A manager performs his functions by allocation and integration of human and economic resources through the process of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling, for the purpose of producing outputs (goods and services) desired by its customers, so that the organization’s objectives are achieved. A manager works with and through people and other resources to realize these organization objectives, Akpala Agwu (1990).
As modern business activities widen, environmental scanning and planning become difficult and more relevant today’s business conditions have continuous to change so fast to emphasize a growing need for continuous business intelligence activities and Effective planning as the only option to anticipate failure problems and opportunities. Effective planning provides all employees with clear goals and directions to the future of the organization. It also provides a standard against which future performance can be compared. And all this makes it complicated in many highly technical firms that are subject to the “law of acceleration” which suggests an increasing rate of change. Since Effective planning aims at finding how a company competes successful within it environment, it is therefore said to be based on the principles of comparative competitive advantage necessary for survival and growth under competitive conditions. A firm cannot survive or grow unless it maintains one or more comparative competitive advantages, which provide the basic rationale by which customers will prefer that firm to others.
Unfortunately, though Nigeria presents a strong picture of a turbulent and unpredictable environment for organizations to thrift – particularly the manufacturing sector. This is due mainly to constant changes in the political and economic conditions in the country. The effect of this on the manufacturing sector is quite stupendous. This is especially so when once considers the fact that majority of our manufacturing industries today provide below capacity. Specifically speaking, for manufacturing industries operating in today’s volatile business environment, the need for the Effective planning seems too obvious and imperative to require mentioning. The fortunes of our economy and the manufacturing sector appear inextricably interwoven, and so development within the overall economy will inevitably have direct impacts on the environment. Similarly, the operational efficiency of this sector or otherwise in bringing to fruition the social and economic yearnings of the nation has direct impact on the economy it is against this background that this study intends to assess the effect of Effective planning on the productivity of the ANAMBRA state commission AWKA. It is hoped that this study will in the long run afford the rare opportunity of understanding and appreciating the significance of Effective planning in today’s organizational restructuring, planning and improvement.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
After the euphoria of national independent that task of national development dawn on Nigerians to pave the way for individual growth. Nigerian policy-makers then placed the thrust on industrialization on the shoulders of the manufacturing sector. However, the progress today in this direction leaves more to be desired. The present stale of the manufacturing sector has been perennially bedeviled by unsteady and less result oriented production activities.
It is a commonplace tap now to hear out so-called industrialists and economic watchers alleging that low productivity, operating below installed capacity utilization, unfavourable socio-political and economic environments and continued depreciation of national currency against the dollar, are responsible for this ugly situation. But must fundamental to this study is the factor, productivity. Productivity is the output per unit of a factor of production. It is dependent on the availability of the productive resources in requisite proportions and how much output each unit of resources can be made to yield. The problem with Nigerian manufacturing sector is how to combine these two factors. However, quite a number of management ideas and philosophies have been applied, but to our disappointment, they have not achieved their attendant ends. Many critics have blamed it on the peculiarity of the Nigerian socio-political and economic environment, while others on the haphazard application of these management ideas and philosophies.
We shall take the view of the letter as the almost of this study. Planning is one of their most fundamental management processes which seeks to set in advance purposes and objectives an entity may seek to achieve through planning, the when, the who, and the how is clearly defined within a time horizon for the achievement of a specified goal or goals thus emphasizing a special relationship with productivity. From the Effective management paradigm, output per unit of a factor of production should be planned in such a way that it identifies the opportunities and threats in the organization’s environment, evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the organization, designing structures, defining roles, luring appropriate people, and developing appropriate reward to make contribution. Against this background, what is the effect of Effective planning and performance on in the ANAMBRA state commission AWKA.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION
- To what extent has Effective planning helped to improve the organizational performance in Nigeria public organization?
- To what extent has effective planning helped to improve the economic growth of Nigeria public organization (state civil service commission)?
- To what extent has Effective planning helped the efficiency of Anambra state civil service commission?
1.4 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of this study is to ascertain the impact of Effective planning has on the level of productivity of manufacturing industries with particular references to the ANAMBRA state commission AWKA specifically, the study is intended to achieve the following objectives.
- To examine the extent Effective planning helped to improve the organizational performance in Nigeria public organization?
- To investigate how effective planning has helped to improve the economic growth of Nigeria public organization (state civil service commission)?
- To identify how Effective planning has helped the efficiency of Anambra state civil service commission?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
In the first place, this study should be of immense assistance to business students, business practitioners, systems designers and indeed all persons who are concerned about the proper informational input into management planning processes. By bringing into focus the state of the art in the literature, it is also going to be of assistance to lectures.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
As the title of this research work despites its main objective. Is to highlight. The potential is of Effective planning. It also attempts to establish a positive and direct relationship between Effective planning productivity of an organization with particular reference to the ANAMBRA state commission AWKA. They study therefore, is centered only on Effective planning as management machinery. There is no intention to develop into the evaluation of traditional management concepts and principles as applied in practice. Rather, occasional references will be made to them when necessary in elucidation of relevant issues. The out of the research may not be freely applied to all food drink producing companies in Nigeria.
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
In the course of this study, the research encountered some constraints in the form of administrative bureaucracy especially at the regional lead office in ANAMBRA where the research was not attended to except there was a written note from the regional manager instructing that they go ahead manager had been given. In fact, they bluntly refused to accept to inquire and request for information. They were of the opinion that company policies and facts and purely for internal consumption only, especially more so, in a highly competitive industry like their when every policy should be regarded as a top secret.
The major constrain to this study was money. The financial demand in respect of transportation was enormous especially in this prevailing economy down turn.
The situation was even compounded with the scarcity in petroleum products which in turn sky-rocketed the cost of traveling from one plant location to another or even to the corporate headquarter of the ANAMBRA state commission AWKA.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
This outline the fundamental steps that management plans to undertake in order to reach on objective or set of objective.
According to Egbo, strategy is also seen as a state of objectives policies and plan that is taken together defined the scope of business enterprise and its approach to survival of success in its environment (2011). It simply means a plan or programme of action aimed at meeting a challenge or wining a war or a game.
Kafelnikov (2007) come up with the three (3) hierarchical level of enterprise strategy. “ An enterprise strategy is concerned with the match between your company’s internal capacities and its external environment” he posits that the three levels of strategy comprise: corporate strategy, business strategy and functional strategy.
The corporate strategy is divided into two (2) models namely:
- The strategy pyramid
- The strategy stretch.
Planning: This is the act of choosing a course of action and deciding in advance what is to be done in what sequence, when and how.
Strategy formulation: This is the task of analyzing the organization’s external and internal environment and then selecting an appropriate strategy.
Corporate strategies: This addresses what business an organization will be in and how resources will be allocated among those businesses.
Business strategy: This focuses on how to compete in a given business.
Functional strategy: It focuses on the short run, “how to” issues of implementing strategies.
Effective managers: These are individuals who bear responsibility for the overall performance of the organization or for one of its major self-contained divisions.
Effective adult: This is concerned with analyzing and assessing what has been achieved in the past and what the organization is capable of achieving in the future.
Effective gap: This is the difference in the level of performance called for in the firm’s state objective and the level of performance that seems likely to result from the continuation of current operations.
Scenarios: This is a form of educated guesses made by planners. Objective: a statement of what is to be achieved.
Objective: A Statement of what is to be achieved
Goal: This is synonymous with objective; a statement of what is to be achieved.
Mission: This defines the basic purpose or purposes of the organization; usually includes a description of the organization’s basic products and/or services and a definition of its market and/or sources of revenue.
Productivity: This is an economic measure of efficiency indicating what is produced relative to resources used to produce it.
Aggregate productivity: This is the total level of productivity achieved by a country.
Industry productivity: This is the total level of productivity achieved by the firms in a particular industry.
Company productivity: This is the level of productivity achieved by an individual company.
Individual productivity: This is the level of productivity attained by a single individual.
Total factor productivity: This is an overall indication of how well an organization uses all of its resources to create all of its products and services.
Partial productivity ratio: This ratio uses only one category of resources.
1.9 Organization of the Study
This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows. Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (background of the study), statement of the problem, purpose of the study, research questions, significance of the study, scope of the study etc. Chapter two being the review of the related literature presents the theoretical framework, conceptual framework and other areas concerning the subject matter. Chapter three is a research methodology covers deals on the research design, area of the study, population of the study, sample and sampling techniques, methods of data collection, instruments for data collection, reliability of the instruments, validity of the instruments, distribution and retrieval of instruments and methods of data analysis. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study
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