ABSTRACT
Flooding has been described as one of the most important environmental factors determining the distribution of salt maize plants. We studied the impact of five water levels on the germination and establishment of the invasive cord grass spartina denifora. Plant house experiment was carried out to determine the effects of time and depth of flooding o the survival and growth of rice. Data showed that time and depth of flood had significant effects on the survival and growth of rice.
The germination rate was decrease gradually with depth there was no seedling emergence from depth deeper than 4cm however seedling at 8cm depth all died. Plant rooted at 4cm presented the highest quantum efficiency of photo system 11 slightly lower maximum net photosynthesis rate than other plants over 4cm depth reflecting high photo protection levels together with low nitrogen and pigments contents.
Water level depth reduced shoot relative growth rate (RGR) the results could be useful to fight so. Densiflora invasion because artificial invasion of invaded marshes to a water depth of 8cm would prevents its establishment from seed bank.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover page
Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgment
Abstract
Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- Background of the study
- Objectives of the study
- Justification of the study
CHAPTER TWO
- LITERATURE REVIEW
- Overview of rice cropping
- Effects of flooding on the growth
- Types of rice grown
- Techniques of flood control
- Additional traits probably involved in the survival in anaerobic soils.
- Rice adaption to anaerobic system
- Genetic variation in flooding tolerance during germination and early growth in rice
- Mobilization of stored carbohydrate
- Role of rice hormones under flooded conditions
- Adaption of rice of flooding during establishments
- Farmers cropping strategies to flood
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Area of study
3.2 material
3.3 Germination determination
3.4 Yield of various varieties
3.5 Land preparation
3.6 Method
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Results
4.2 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 conclusion and recommendation
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendation
Reference
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The damaging effects of flooding remain as major sources of concern among millions of rice farmers worldwide. The weather change due to various reasons causing unexpected and sudden flood recently in Nigeria has negative impacts on rice farming and people’s life. The research project is to evaluate the effects of flooding on the growth of four varieties of rice grown in Ezza north, Abakaliki Ebonyi state and to see how it flounces people and agriculture.
The extent of the damage of flooding on rice is related to at least three factors. The temperature of the water, the amount of water motion and the duration of the flood. Temperature affects the speed of respiration. The faster the respiration, the quicker the oxygen is depleted and the sooner fermentation begins warm water speeds respiration, oxygen use and cell death. The faster water moves the greater the degree of turbulence. This water turbulence oxygenates the water slightly. Increasing oxygen content of the water slightly decreases the impact of flooding on plants. Duration of the flood is important because many of the affects of low oxygen on plants are reversible of the duration is not too long. Long duration allow for increased oxygen depletion and build up of harmful chemicals. Although local conditions influence the effects 36 to 48 hours is often the tolerable limit.
In general rice cannot tolerate flooding better than other plants. But if flooding occurs in the spring, the rice growing point is near the soil surface (below or above) making it likely to be submerged longer. Soil water logging and submergence (collectively termed flooding) are abiotic stresses that influence species composition and productivity in various type of rice worldwide.
In rice farming, flooding species are manipulated eg. Genotype or are accommodated by genotype selection, there have also been recent advances towards developing cultivates for low land areas prone to short duration flash flooding, for most of this rice, excess water is constraint to growth and productivity in many regions and this adversely affecting the growth of various types of rice.
Finally, rice are often damaged and thus, more susceptible to disease organizations. Disease symptoms may not appear until several weeks or even months after the flood event.
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of flooding on the growth of four varieties of rice grown in Ezza North abakaliki ebonyi state.
Specifically, the objectives or aim of this project are:
- To determine the effect of flooding on four varieties of rice (oryza sativa).
- To examine four varieties of rice on a flood land and none flooded conditions.
- To know the nutritional evaluation of the effect of flooding on four varieties of rice.
- To study the flooding characteristics of various varieties of rice.
- Provide strategies of handling the effects of adverse flooding.
- To make recommendation and profound solutions to the problems.
1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
The main purpose of this research work is to determine weather, flooding affects the growth of four varieties of rice (a case study of ezza north, abakaliki ebonyi state). Recent heavy rains in some parts of Nigeria have promoted injuries of flooding and its effects.
The extents to which flooding injuries rice is determined by several factors, including plant stage of development when flooding occurs the duration of flooding and air/soil temperature rice can survive only 2-4 days of flooded conditions. Once rice has reached the silking stage shallow depths of flooding usually course a noticeable amount of damage.
If excess moisture in the early growth stages retards rice development, rice may be subjects to greater injury during a dry summer because root system are not sufficiently developed to access available subsoil water seed treatments are usually effective but can provide protection only so long, if seedling development is slowed or delayed 2-3 weeks. There is limited resistance to these disease and predicting damage is difficult because symptoms do not appear until later in the growing season. Rice should be cultivated in a favourable climatic condition for increasing its rice production and rapidly moving to self sufficiency in rice.
This study has thoroughly discussed and offered clear inductions of priority among these challenges as well as pointers to their solution.
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