TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page ………………………………………………………………….…….i
Certification..……………………………………………………………..…….iii
Dedication………………………………………………………………….……iv
Acknowledgement ……………………………………………………….v
Table of content…………….……………………………………………….….vi
List of tables ……………………………………………………………..… ix
Abstract.…………………………………………………………….…………..x
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction…..……………………………………..…….……..….……..1
1.2 Background to the study…..…………………………………………..…..1
1.3 Statement of problem….…………………………………………….….…4
1.4 Objectives of the study………………………………………………….…4
1.5 Significance of the study……………………………………………….…5
1.6 Research question…………………………………………….…….…….6
1.7 Research hypotheses………………………………………………………6
1.8 Scope of the study..…………………………………………………..……6
1.9 Operational definition of terms..………………………………………….7
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Literature review..……………………………………………….…….…9
2.2 Conceptual Review.…………………………………………..….……….9
2.3 Empirical Review.………………………………………………….……..12
2.4 The benefits and risk of self-medication……………………………….16
2.5 Advantages of Self-medication……………………………..….……….21
2.6 Disadvantages of Self-medication…………………..……………….….21
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Methodology …………………………………………………..………23
3.2 Research design……………………..…………………………..………23
3.3 Research setting…………………………………………………….……23
3.4 Target population………………………………………………….……..23
3.5 Sampling technique/Sample size……………………………………….23
3.6 Instrument for data collection……………………………………………24
3.7 Validity and reliability…………………………………………………..25
3.8 Method of data collection……………………………………………….25
3.9 Method of data analysis…………………………………………….……25
3.10 Ethical consideration……………………………………………………26
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Results……………………………………………………………………….27
4.2 Psychosocial influencing self-medication among nursing students …….28
4.3 Psychological factors influencing self-medication among
the Nursing students ……………………………………..………….……….… 29
4.4 Factors influencing self-medication among nursing student ………..…..… 30
4.5 Sources of information influencing self-medication practice ……….….…32
CHAPTER FIVE
Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation…………………………….……33
5.1 Discussion………………………………………………..…………..…..33
5.2 Conclusion……………………………………………..……………..….36
5.3 Implication For Nursing…………………………………………………..37
5.4 Summary…………………………………………….……………….…..37
5.5 Recommendation……………………………………….…..……….…..39
5.5 Recommendation………………………………………….……….….…39
References……………………………………………………..……..……….….40
Appendix I ………………………………………………………..……….……44
Appendix II ……………………………………………………………………47
List of tables
Table 4.1: Social-demographic characteristics of respondents ……….….27
Table 4.2: Showing the Psychosocial factor of self-medication practice
among the nursing student ……………………………………28
Table 4.3 Showing factors influencing self-medication among the
Nursing students …………………………………….………….29
Table 4.4 Showing factors influencing self-medication among
nursing students ……………………………………………… 30
Table 4.5 Showing sourced of information influencing respondents
to practice self-medication …………………………………….32
ABSTRACT
This study examined psychosocial factors influencing involvement in self-medication among nursing student of Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma. Self medication is a human behavior in which an individual uses a substance or any exogenous influence to self-medicate treatment for physical or psychological ailments. A random cross-sectional design was used. the data was collected from 400 and 500 level nursing students of Ambrose Alli University.65 respondents participated in the study after final size was determined using the Taro Yameni formular. A self-administered questionnaire was developed by researchers was used to assess the factors influencing students involvement in self-medication and other related information in line with the aims and objectives of the study. From the results, there was a decline in self-medication practice relative to older ager. For instance, those below 20 years agreed they self-medicate more 40(61.5%) compare to older age of 36-40 years which was 6(9.2%) and above 41 years which was 2(3.1%). Also there was a slight difference in self-medication compare to level of study. Student in 400 level affirmed they self-medicate more 54(83.1%) than those in 41(63.1%). While result of socioeconomic status showed that low income earners self-medicate the more 58(89.2%) compared to medium 51(78.5%) and high income earners (20%). 55(84.6%) of the them self-medicate to treat minor illnesses.56(86.2%) to seek quick relief.48(73.8%) for personal convenience, 51(78.5%) to avoid of long waiting in clinic, 48(73.8%) because of the high cost of medical consultation, 39(60%) because they have pharmacological knowledge. Most of the respondents 61(93.8%) agreed they got information to self-medicate from Pharmacist. A huge percentage of the respondent report fever 53(81.5%), headache 55(84.6%) and pain 62(95.4%). The study concluded that the practice of self-medication is prevalent and irrespective of discipline and knowledge on drugs. The use of drugs is influenced by psychosocial factors such as age, education knowledge on drugs. The use of drugs is influenced by psychosocial factors such as age, education knowledge, social economic status and the need for quick relief. The implication of this is Nurses should be trained on the need for prescription aided by appropriate diagnosis before drug use.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study
Self-care is a behavioral response of individual to promote or restore health. Self medication which is one form of self-care is an important initial response to illness (Mudur 2009).
According to the world health organization (WHO), self- medication is defined as “the selection and use of medicines by individuals to treat self recognized Illness or symptoms”.
Self-medication is also explained as one involving the act of acquiring medication without a prescription, resubmitting an old prescription to procure medication, sharing medication with others or utilizing a medication that is already available in residence (Hudges et al.,2009).
There are some factors why individuals practice self medication. These are geographical difficulties in accessing health centres and availability of qualified Doctors. Self medication is easier than accessing health care service located far from where the patient resides and is common among poor communities (Mclaughlin et al., 2010). Thus, social, financial and health related factors drive the use of medications (O’Malley et al., 2011). The growing number of Over the Counter (OTC) drugs and the abuse of medication have been cited as major obstacles to effective and safe use of medicines. Several studies have shown both beneficial and harmful effects of self-care practices (Singn et al., 2009). Self medication is one of the most important issue in health care and has been debated a lot because of its both favourable and unfavourable consequences. Those who are against self-medication believes that it does more harm than good and leads to wastage of resources, microbial illness and drug dependence (Ofili and Ofuwve,2009).On the other hand, WHO has pointed that an appropriate self care can be beneficial in treating acute ailment that don’t require medical consultation, can save time spent in visiting a physician and provide a cheaper alternative for treating a common disease.
Psychosocial factors are influences that affect a person psychologically or socially. They include age, education, mood status such as anxiety,, depression, distress and positive effect, cognitive behavioural responses such as satisfaction, self efficacy, self esteem and focus of control and social factors such as social economic status, education, employment, religion, ethnicity, family, physical attributes, locality, relationships with others, changes in personal roles and status.
In this study however, Psychological factors influencing the use of drugs include age, level of study, social economic status, the need for quick relief, anxiety over illness, the bid to avoid long waiting in the clinic, the high cost of medical consultation, pharmacological knowledge, emergency usage, lack of time to consult the Doctor and being ashamed of revealing symptoms. These factors have been reported in previous studies. For instance, Onohwosafe and Olaseha (2009) reported that one of the reasons influencing self-medication among student of Abadina College in Ibadan, Nigeria was also due to long waiting hours in clinic especially public hospitals which are more affordable. The study by Biduki (2013) is also in agreement with the findings of the present work. He found out that 98.25% of his samples considered quick relief as the greatest influence for people in a municipality in Ghana to engage in self-medication. Personal convenience and the thought that some ailments are minor was also reported by De Loyola, et al.,(2004)to influence the practice of self medication while in a study by Afolabi (2008), it was discovered that shame of revealing symptoms that were considered major factors influencing self medication among adult population in Enugu Nigeria. This research work therefore evaluate psychosocial factors influencing self-medication among Nursing students of Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma.
1.2 Statement of problem
Self-medication is a problem that exist world-wide. About 47% prevalence of self-medication among university students is quite high. Previous study have reported prevalence rate of about 76% in Karachi; 94% in Hong Kong; 87% in India; 43.2% in Ethiopia;86% in brazil;985 in Nigeria and 55% in Egypt (Dansky and miller, 1997). Broader studies revealed that self-medication is commonly practices by students especially those in the medical related courses. Nursing students, on the other hand, will be expected to handle several types of medications as well as have easy access to have easy access to drugs in their future practice. This can favour self-prescription and self-medication (Bamgboye et al., 2014). Practice of self-medications also reported to be influenced by educational level, age and socioeconomic status (Oreagba et al., 2011). The most commonly used drug for self medication include analgesic, antibiotics, cough syrup etc. among Nursing students.
1.3 Objectives of study
This research primarily aims to evaluate Psychosocial factors influencing self-medication among Nursing students of Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma and to realize this the following specific objectives is to be considered:
- To determine the psychological factors influencing self-medication among Nursing student.
- To determine social factors influencing self-medication among Nursing students.
Significance of study
The use of self-medication is highly prevalent in Nigeria (Bamgboye et al.,2014;0reagba etal.,2001) The practice of self-medication is influenced by factors such as socioeconomic status of patients, level of study, cultural practices, family influences, personal interest in the community and various other factors (WHO, 2010). Hence to address the disadvantage of self-medication and to increase the knowledge of people about responsible self-medication, we need to have a clear picture of the factors influencing self-medication. Nigeria, being one of the countries of the world still lacks a good public health infrastructure on the ground of poor funding of the health sector is very much vulnerable to harms of self-medication (Bamgboye et al.,2014). Therefore this study will be important as information gathered will help prevent self-medication which is growing in recent times by addressing the factors promoting the scourge.
Research question
Questions providing guidelines for this research includes
- What re the psychological factors influencing self medication among Nursing student of Ambrose Alli University?
- What are the social factors influencing self-medication among Nursing students of Ambrose Alli University?
Research Hypothesis
- student will report psychosocial factors influencing self-medication.
- students will disclose sourced of information influencing them to practice self-medication.
Scope of study
The study will address psychological and social factors influencing involvement on self-medication among Nursing student of Ambrose Alli University. The psychosocial factors include age, level of study or education and socioeconomic status.
Operational Definition of term
Psychological factor
Psychological factors are influences that affect a person psychologically or socially. The Psychosocial factors include mood status such as anxiety, depression, distress, and social factors such as socioeconomic status, education, employment, religion, ethnicity, family, physical attitudes, relationships with others, changes in personal roles and status.
Influence
Influence is the power to have an important effect on someone or something. In this study influence refers to forces that compel involvement in an act.
Self-medication
Self-medication is a human behavior in which an individual uses a substance or any exogenous influence to self-administered treatment for physical or psychological ailments.
Over the counter (OTC) drugs
0ver-the-counter (OTC) drugs are medicines sold directly to a consumer without a prescription from a healthcare professional, as opposed to prescription drugs, which may only be sold to consumers possessing a valid prescription.
Drugs abuse
Drugs abuse is the habitual taking of addictive or illegal drugs. But in this study, drugs abuse is the habitual intake of over the counter drugs.
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