ABSTRACT
Crateva adansonii is a medicinal herb commonly used in parts of Africa because
of the side effects of Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAID), like heart
diseases and kidney failure. Inflammation is a major public heart issue in the world
but treatment is becoming complex because of the side effects of antiinflammatory pharmaceutical drugs. Hence the need for alternative drug is highly
required. This research work investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of
dichloromethane fraction of methanol extract of Crateva adansonii stem bark,
using rodent model. Adult Swiss albino rats (110-200g) of either sex were
randomlydivided into 5 groups of 4 animals each. Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 received
different doses of the extract (300mg, 500mg, 700mg, and 900mg) in 3% v/v
tween 80 administered intraperitonally respectively. Control group-1 received
volume of 3%v/v tween 80 and standards group received 100mg/kg Ibuprofen.
One hour later acute inflammation was induced by injection of 0.1ml of undiluted
egg albumin into the sub planter of the right hand paw of rats. The volume of the
paw was measured by mercury displacement before and at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 & 3
hours after egg albumin injection, while the standard was measured at internals of
one hour, for up to 4 hours. Edema formation was assessed in terms of the
difference in the zero time per volume of the injected pair and its volume at the
different time after egg albumin injection. For each dose of extract, percentage
inhibition of edema was calculated percentage inhibition. Result show that Crateva
adansonii may have anti-inflammatory effects. This finding supports the use stem
bark of Crateva adansonii in not only traditional medicine for the treatment of
inflammation.
6
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page – – – – – -i
Approval page – – – – – -ii
Dedication – – – – – -iii
Acknowledgment – – – – – -iv
Abstract – – – – – -v
Table of Content – – – – – -vi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction – – – – – -1
1.1 Crateva adansonii – – – – – -2
1.2 Research Aim & Objectives – – – – – -2
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Definition of Inflammation – – – – – -3
2.1.1 What is Anti-inflammation? – – – – – -3
Types of Inflammation (Acute and Chronic) – – – -4
2.1.2 Steroid and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs – – -5
2.1.3 Immune selective anti-inflammatory derivative – – -6
2.1.4 Pain – – – – – -7
2.1.5 Long effect of inflammation – – – – – -8
2.1.6 Ice Treatment of Inflammation – – – – – – 9
2.1.7 Nutritional sources of anti-inflammatory compounds – -9
2.2 Vascular event in inflammation- – – – – -9
7
2.2.1 Vasoconstriction – – – – – -10
2.2.2 Vasodilation – – – – – -11
2.2.3 Vascular permeability – – – – – -11
2.3 Cellular event – – – – – -14
2.3.1 Leukocytes migration as specific – – – – – -14
Hemoral/cellular immunity
2.4 Mediators of inflammation – – – – – -17
2.4.1 Cell derived mediators of inflammation- – – – -18
2.4.2 Histamine – – – – – -19
2.4.3 Cytokines – – – – – -19
2.4.4 Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)- – – – – -19
2.4.5 Platelet-Activating factor (PAF)- – – – – -20
2.4.6 Arachidonic Acid (AA – – – – – -20
2.4.7 Free radicals as mediators of inflammation- – – – -22
2.4.8 Nitric Acid (NO) – – – – – -23
2.4.9 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)- – – – – –
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Materials, equipments and apparatus – – – – -25
3.2 Chemical, reagents and practical technique- – – -25
3.2.1 Methanol – – – – – -25
3.2.2 N-Hexane – – – – – -26
3.2.3 Ethyl acetate – – – – – -27
8
3.2.4 Dichloromethane – – – – – -28
3.3 Methodology – – – – – -29
3.3.1 Collection and preparation of plant- – – – – -29
3.3.2 Extraction and fractionation of plant materials- – – -29
3.4 Phytochemical Analysis – – – – – -30
3.5 Column chromatography – – – – – -32
3.6 Thin layer chromatography – – – – – -33
3.7 How to run TCL plate – – – – – -34
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Experimental result – – – – – -38
4.1 Tabular and graphical representation of effect of anti-inflammatory effect of
Crateva adansonii dichloromethane extract- – – – -38
4.2 Phytochemical analysis of extract (result) – – – – -40
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion – – – – – -41
5.1 Conclusion – – – – – -41
REFERENCE – – – – – -42
APPENDIX I
APPENDIX II
APPENDIX III
9
APPENDIX IV
APPENDIX V
10
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
Research on analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs has gained great attention for
the past ten years (Farouk et al., 2008). However, the number of new drugs
remains low. Most analgesic and anti- inflammatory compounds available on
market have adverse effects, including life-threatening, bleeding or perforation of
gastro duodenal tract (Buttgereit et al., 2001). Consequently there results the need
to search for more active compounds with less adverse effects.
Free radicals and reactive oxygen species are by products of numerous
physiological and biochemical processes. Natural antioxidants and antiinflammatoryeffects have been found in a number of food and agricultural products
like seed, roots, stem bark. Besides the traditional resources used for antioxidants,
many plant species have been investigated in the search for natural antioxidants
and anti-inflammatory effect.
There is renewed and increased interest in plants as source of new pharmaceutical
drugs. Crateva Adansonii commonly known as the garlic pear and temple plant and
many other names in a variety of dialect has been viewed to have great anti
inflammatory effect, thus studied here on.(Banias et al. 1992).
Anti-inflammation is therefore understood as a process in which the body responds
to antigenic stimulus to injuries and infections in a coordinated manner in order to
contain a site of change, localize the responds and restore tissue function .it
involves the reaction of vascularized tissues to local injury and the local reaction
and resulting morphological changes, the destruction or removal of infectious
material etc. (Koch 1972).
11
1.1 Crateva Adansonii
The flowering tree is called the sacred garlic pear and temple plant, genus:
Crateva, Family: Capparaceae. The tree is sometimes called the spider tree because
the showy flowers bear long, spidery stamens. It is native to Japan, Australia, much
of Southeast Asia and several South Pacific islands. It is grown elsewhere for fruit,
especially in parts of the African continent. The fruit of the tree is edible. The
nectar-filled flowers are attractive to a multitude of insects and birds. The pierid
butterfly (Hebomoiaglaucippe) is a frequent visitor to this plant. The rough back
of this plant is faintly greenish especially when dried up.
Mostly, the bark of this plant stem, root and leaves are medicinal, and hence giving
focus to the study of the stem bark for anti-inflammatory effect is highly proper
and considerable.
1.2 Research Aim and Objectives.
The research aim at the use of Crateva adansonii methanol extract to evaluate antiinflammatory activity of different fraction of the extract, by administration of this
fraction on induced acute inflammation. Using fresh egg albumin, on adult albino
rats. As an objective to compare the therapeutic potential, either to observe the
physiological impact of Crateva adansonii methanol extracts fractions on white
albino rats and determines the anti-inflammatory effect.
DISCLAIMER: All project works, files and documents posted on this website, eProjectTopics.com are the property/copyright of their respective owners. They are for research reference/guidance purposes only and some of the works may be crowd-sourced. Please don’t submit someone’s work as your own to avoid plagiarism and its consequences. Use it as a reference/citation/guidance purpose only and not copy the work word for word (verbatim). The paper should be used as a guide or framework for your own paper. The contents of this paper should be able to help you in generating new ideas and thoughts for your own study. eProjectTopics.com is a repository of research works where works are uploaded for research guidance. Our aim of providing this work is to help you eradicate the stress of going from one school library to another in search of research materials. This is a legal service because all tertiary institutions permit their students to read previous works, projects, books, articles, journals or papers while developing their own works. This is where the need for literature review comes in. “What a good artist understands is that nothing comes from nowhere. The paid subscription on eProjectTopics.com is a means by which the website is maintained to support Open Education. If you see your work posted here by any means, and you want it to be removed/credited, please contact us with the web address link to the work. We will reply to and honour every request. Please notice it may take up to 24 – 48 hours to process your request.
