Page Length: 79

Size: 57 KB

Format: PDF & Word

5,000.00

ABSTRACT

In medicine, an abortion is the premature exit of the products of conception (the fetus, fetal membranes, and placenta) from the uterus. It is the loss of a pregnancy and does not refer to why that pregnancy was lost. It is the expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception before the fetus is viable. An estimated 44 million abortions are performed globally each year, with slightly under half of those performed unsafely (Sedgh et al., 2012). For most women, the decision to end a pregnancy (a very early pregnancy) is a complex and deliberative one. The reasons women give for ending a pregnancy underscore their understanding of the serious consequences of unplanned childbearing for themselves and their families. A pregnancy can be intentionally aborted in several ways. The manner selected often depends upon the gestational age of the embryo or fetus, which increases in size as the pregnancy progresses (Stubblefield, 2002; Bartlett et al., 2004).

 

Effects of abortion could be either Physical or Psychological. The physical effects could be Elevated Risk of Death, Cervical, Ovarian, and Liver Cancer, Uterine Perforation, Cervical Lacerations, Placenta Previa, Subsequent Pre-Term Deliveries and Other Complications of Labor, Handicapped Newborns in Later Pregnancies, Ectopic Pregnancy, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), Endometritis and some complications which include infection, bleeding, fever, second degree burns, chronic abdominal pain, vomiting, gastro-intestinal disturbances, and Rh sensitization.

Researchers have identified a large number of statistically significant risk factors that identify which women are at greatest risk of experiencing psychological effect or reactions to abortion. Women who have had abortions are significantly more likely than others to subsequently require admission to a psychiatric hospital. The psychological effects could be Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts, Alcohol and Drug Abuse, Eating Disorders, Sexual Dysfunction, Child Neglect or Abuse, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Increased Smoking with Correspondent Negative Health Effects, Divorce and Chronic Relationship Problems, Repeat Abortions

 

Research has indicated that age factors may be significantly related to psychological outcomes of abortion. For example, younger and unmarried women without children were more likely to experience negative outcomes than those who were older and who had already given birth (Adler et al., 1992). There is a general consensus that abortion generally does not lead to negative psychological outcomes for women. However, in a minority of cases (some studies suggest about 20%), it does. Therefore both pre- and post- abortion counseling are recommended. In cases of spontaneous or habitual abortion, patient care is directed toward emotional support of the patient and acceptance of her feelings of bitterness, grief, guilt, relief, and other emotions associated with the loss of the fetus. The patient should be able to express her feelings in an open, nonjudgmental, and nonthreatening environment.

    TABLE OF CONTENTS  
      PAGE
Title page   i
Abstract   ii – iii
Table of Contents iv
CHAPTER ONE    
1.0 INTRODUCTION 6
  1.1 Justification of the Study 7
  1.2 Main Objective of the Study 7
CHAPTER TWO 8
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 8
  2.1 History of Abortion 4
    Table 1 9
  2.2 Reasons for Abortion 10
  2.3 Types of Abortion 11
  2.3.1 Induced 11

 

 

 

2.3.2 Spontaneous                                                                            11

 

2.3.3 Forms of abortion 13
2.4 Effects of Abortion 14
2.4.1 Physical Dangers Associated With Abortion 14
2.4.2 Psychological Risks Associated With Abortion 22

 

 

CHAPTER THREE

 

 

3.0 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 32
  3.1 Discussion 32
  3.2 Conclusion 33

 

REFERENCES 35

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

 

1.0              INTRODUCTION

 

 

Abortion is the ending of pregnancy by the removal or forcing out from the womb of a fetus or embryo before it is able to survive on its own. An abortion can occur spontaneously, in which case it is often called a miscarriage. It can also be purposely caused in which case it is known as an induced abortion. The term abortion most commonly refers to the induced abortion of a human pregnancy. The similar procedure after the fetus may be able to survive on its own is medically known as a “late termination of pregnancy” (Grimes and Stuart, 2010). In medicine, an abortion is the premature exit of the products of conception (the fetus, fetal membranes, and placenta) from the uterus. It is the loss of a pregnancy and does not refer to why that pregnancy was lost. It is the expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception before the fetus is viable. Abortion can either be spontaneous or induced. Spontaneous abortion occurs naturally while induced abortion is artificial in the sense that several procedures are employed in the deliberate interruption of pregnancy and prematurely removing the fetus.

 

Modern medicine uses medications or surgical methods for induced abortion. The two medications mifepristone and prostaglandin are as effective as a surgical method in the first trimester (Kulieret al., 2011; Kappet al., 2013). While the use of medications may be effective

 

in the second trimester, surgical methods appear to have a lower risk of side effects (Wildschutet al., 2011). Birth control, including the pill and intrauterine devices can be startedimmediately after an abortion. Abortion in the developed world has a long history of being among the safest procedures in medicine when allowed by local law. Uncomplicated abortions do not cause either long term mental health or physical problems (Lohret al., 2014). The World Health Organization recommends that this same level of safe and legal abortions be available to all women globally (WHO, 2012). Unsafe abortions, however, result in approximately 47,000 maternal deaths and 5 million hospital admissions per year globally (Shah and Ahman, 2009).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1.1  JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

 

 

An estimated 44 million abortions are performed globally each year, with slightly under half of those performed unsafely (Sedghet al., 2012). Rates of abortions have changed little between 2003 and 2008, after having previously spent decades declining as access to education regarding family planning and birth control improved. As of 2008, forty percent of the world’s women had access to legal induced abortions “without restriction as to reason”. There are; however, limits regarding how far along in pregnant they can be performed (Culwellet al.,

2010).

 

 

 

 

  • MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

 

 

The main objective of the study was to determine the effect of abortion on females.

DOWNLOAD COMPLETE WORK

DISCLAIMER: All project works, files and documents posted on this website, eProjectTopics.com are the property/copyright of their respective owners. They are for research reference/guidance purposes only and some of the works may be crowd-sourced. Please don’t submit someone’s work as your own to avoid plagiarism and its consequences. Use it as a reference/citation/guidance purpose only and not copy the work word for word (verbatim). The paper should be used as a guide or framework for your own paper. The contents of this paper should be able to help you in generating new ideas and thoughts for your own study. eProjectTopics.com is a repository of research works where works are uploaded for research guidance. Our aim of providing this work is to help you eradicate the stress of going from one school library to another in search of research materials. This is a legal service because all tertiary institutions permit their students to read previous works, projects, books, articles, journals or papers while developing their own works. This is where the need for literature review comes in. “What a good artist understands is that nothing comes from nowhere. The paid subscription on eProjectTopics.com is a means by which the website is maintained to support Open Education. If you see your work posted here by any means, and you want it to be removed/credited, please contact us with the web address link to the work. We will reply to and honour every request. Please notice it may take up to 24 – 48 hours to process your request.

WeCreativez WhatsApp Support
Administrator (Online)
Hello and welcome. I am online and ready to help you via WhatsApp chat. Let me know if you need my assistance.