LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1.1: Edo state population census for from 1991- 2011
TABLE 1.2: Various local governments in Edo state and their head quarters
TABLE 2.3: Statutory procedure for building development/ construction in Nigeria
TABLE 4.4: Response Rate of Respondents
TABLE 4.5: Working Experience of the Professionals in the Construction Industry
TABLE 4.6: Profession of the Respondent
TABLE 4.7: Educational Qualification of the Respondent
TABLE 4.8: Gender of Respondents
TABLE 4.9: Response to causes of building failures
TABLE 4.10: Role of stakeholders in eradicating building collapse
TABLE 4.11: Some recorded cases of building collapse in Edo state Nigeria.
LIST OF PLATES
PLATE 4.2: Showing the collapse of the one-storey building, owned by the Christ Chosen Church of god
PLATE 4.2: Showing the collapse of the building belonging to Liberty Power bible Church.
PLATE 4.3: Showing three-storey building under construction.
PLATE 4.4: Showing collapse Hospital building
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE 1.1: Map of Edo State
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………….ii
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY. 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.. 4
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY. 6
1.4 RELEVANT RESEARCH QUESTIONS. 6
1.5.2 DELIMITATION OF STUDY. 7
1.6 JUSTIFICATION/SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY. 7
1.8 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS. 15
2.1 CONSTRUCTION DEFICIENCIES. 22
2.2 IMPLICATIONS OF BUILDING COLLAPSE. 25
2.5 ROLES OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 40
2.6 NATIONAL BUILDING CODE. 41
2.7 TYPES OF MATERIALS AND THEIR USE. 46
2.8 PRICES OF BUILDING MATERIALS AND SERVICES. 48
3.2 TYPE AND SOURCES OF DATA. 51
3.2.1 PRIMARY SOURCES OF DATA. 51
3.2.2 SECONDARY SOURCES OF DATA. 51
3.3 INSTRUMENT OF DATA COLLECTION. 52
3.4 STUDY POPULATION AND/SAMPLING TECHNIQUE. 52
3.4 DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES. 53
3.6 DATA PRESENTATION TECHNIQUES: 53
4.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION/DISCUSSION. 55
4.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS. 55
4.2 DATA CONCERNING THE STATED OBJECTIVES. 58
4.3 DATA RELATING TO THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS. 65
5.0 SUMARY OF MAJOR FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 73
5.1 SUMARY OF MAJOR FINDINGS. 73
ABSTRACT
A building, once properly constructed is expected to be in use for a very long time. Although every society has its own problems and Edo state is not an exception yet the very recent challenges of buildings collapsing in various locations have been giving the various arms of government and the people sleepless nights in view of the enormous loss of huge investments in housing, properties and human life. The major challenge on the issue of building collapse differ radically from one another on the professionals involves. This study reviews current challenges in the building industry in relation to collapse of buildings, loss of lives and properties. Data for the study were obtained through both primary and secondary means and through questioners administered to various professionals. The paper examines the increasing incidences of building collapse in Nigeria. The paper attributes the rising incidents of building collapse to the use of substandard building materials and incompetent professionals in construction activities, the refusal of the wider society to recognize professionalism and pay for the services and the attitude of the building contractors and other stakeholders as the major problem. The paper points that the government of Edo state has great roles to play to reduce and avert this trend.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The Nigerian experience has shown that buildings collapse have taken a lot of lives and properties hence, the need to stop the large increase in the number of buildings collapsing in the country. In the first quarter of 2012, there was a catastrophic collapse of parts of the Benin Central Hospital that led to loss of lives and injuries. There has been series of buildings collapse in Nigeria from North to South, East to West. These ugly incidences that have now become some reoccurring issues all over Nigeria have sent a lot of Nigerians to their early graves and have equally turned hundreds to disables and also made them homeless.
Housing is widely ranked among the most critical factors that determine the quality of life and welfare of people and societies. It is critical to meeting the social, cultural, economic and environmental needs of the people and influences the wellbeing, health and security of both the present and future generations. Housing is therefore central to the concept of sustainable development, given its complex web of relationship with the four factors of sustainability, namely social, economic, cultural and environmental. The question of housing is of paramount concern to governments across the globe. In Nigeria for instance, all successive governments since independence highlighted housing as a major priority. Unfortunately for over 54 years of its independence, Nigeria is still grabbling with housing crises. The ever mounting crisis in the housing sector of Nigeria has been in various dimensions, which range from absolute housing unit shortages, to the emergence and proliferation of the squatter settlements and slums, the rising cost of housing rent and the building collapse.
Whenever this ugly monster shows its face stakeholders always look for whom to blame, because this incidences of collapse buildings has continued to “embarrass” professionals and stakeholder alike in the construction industry. Most times, the largest proportion of the blame goes to the institutions that are responsible for the training of professionals in the building industry. No one is ready to accept the blame. Infact, they prefer shifting the blames on each other. There should be urgent need to set in motion a mechanism that would ensure that the incidences of collapse building is eradicated or reduced to best minimum.
Buildings are designed to satisfy the functional objectives of safety, serviceability and economy, and the whole process of building production is capital intensive and can only be appreciated by a professional Builder (Okereke, 2011). In a related development, Obiegbu (2012) stated that the construction process involves designing and implementing a building project from its conception to completion to correspond with the client’s desire. He further stated that the process consists of many stages, requiring the joint effort of many parties (professionals). The large number of participants is the result of the wide range of expertise needed.
However, it is the work of the architect, builder and the structural engineer to ensure that the structures will not be liable to collapse, Failure in design is often attributed to coincidence of factors rather than just a single cause, a greater attention is being placed on design errors or inadequacies, where a major factor may lead to the chain of events leading to collapse of the building. The cause of the above is obviously structural and is common in state and country, as a result of quacks that practice as structural engineers, builders and architects. These quacks often make errors in their assumptions regarding loading and flexural conditions, coupled with poor detailing and drafting, carelessness in treatment of constructions, improper location, inadequate attention to thermal and shrinkage effects; others are inadequate site investigation, improper planning and absence of professionals to give the technical input, improper selection of materials and lack of maintenance.
A look at most collapsed buildings, shown that often; it is the absence of building code and regulation leading to collapse, mostly due to structural issues. According to Parker Gay, Mac Guire (1958), negligence and ignorance constitute building collapse in Nigeria. Majority of owners of collapse buildings are illiterates who are ignorant of the existence of professionals in the building industry. Failure in building also occurs as a result of misuse of buildings e.g buildings of different structural designs serve different purpose; structural design for residential building is different from industrial building.
Despite the various efforts, the rate of building collapse to date has continued unabated. Government at all levels have not shown or displayed concern for the ugly occurrences. Most designs and plans are good but no monitoring and supervision. Most time, owners of buildings and other professionals want to cut corners however they can. How can good quality work be guaranteed when there is no sincerity on the part of those involved and professionals are not allowed to the jobs.
The cost of building collapse is enormous, ranging from loss of lives and property to waste of personal income and national economy (Sani-sidi 2013). The need to arrest this ugly situation in our nation should be expedient; in this regards, this paper will x-ray the causes of building collapse in Nigeria and identify the role the government in curbing it.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
It is common to hear incidents of building failure/collapse in Edo states and major Nigerian cities like Lagos, Port Harcourt, Abuja, Enugu, Kaduna and Ibadan. According to Windapo and Rotimi, from a total of 91 cases of building failures/collapse in Nigeria between 1974-2010; 51.6% occurred in Lagos, 18.7% in the South Western states, 8.8% in Abuja—the Federal capital city, 6.5% in the South-South states, 5.5% in the South Eastern states, 4.4% in both the North Western and North Central states and 0% in the North Eastern states. They contended that these incidents are poor construction supervision related. Bamisile asserted that many public and privately owned buildings in Nigeria lack maintenance thus resulting in deplorable conditions of structural fabrics and ultimate structural collapse. Olorunoje noted that failure/collapse of building can be traced to the type of materials used and quality of workmanship. In Nigeria, it is generally believed that poor construction supervision, corruption, weak building legislation, poor structural design, faulty construction, use of low quality materials, hasty construction, shallow foundation and poor workmanship are the common causes of most building failures. A number of cases occur during and after the construction phase of the project.
The building collapse syndrome has taken a lot of lives and properties in the state and Nigeria as a whole due to:-
- Non-professionals and quacks involved in the construction process, in the Nigerian experience;
- The use of sub-standard materials, components and products;
- Improper planning;
- Absence of building code/regulations in the industry;
- Lack of maintenance culture;
- Inadequate soil investigation;
- Poor detailing and drafting, etc.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.3.1 AIM
- The aim of this research work is to assess the level of involvement of government and professionals in the built environment on the incidence of collapse of buildings.
The under-listed objectives were set out in order to achieve the above aim:
1.3.2 OBJECTIVES
- To examine the cause of increase of number of the building collapse in Edo state.
- To identify the major causes of building collapse in Edo state.
- The proper solution to such causes.
1.4 RELEVANT RESEARCH QUESTIONS
- What are the causes of building collapse in Edo state?
- What are the effects of building collapse in Edo state?
- What are the remedial measures or approaches to building collapse Edo state?
- What is the role of the government in tackling building collapse?
- What is the role of building code in tackling building collapse?
- What are the roles of various stake holders in tackling building collapse?
1.5.1 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study on the role of government in eradicating building collapse in Edo state will carefully examine the causes and effects of building collapse in Edo state and major concentration will be on public buildings.
1.5.2 DELIMITATION OF STUDY
- Financial constraint– Insufficient fund prevented the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
- Time constraint– The researcher simultaneously engaged in the study with other academic work. This consequently reduced on the time devoted for the research work.
1.6 JUSTIFICATION/SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The following are the significance of this study:
- The outcome of this study will educate the general public and the government of the day on the causes, effect and solutions to the cases of building collapse in the state.
- This research will also serve as a resource base to other scholars and researchers interested in carrying out further research in this field.
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