ABSTRACT
Hydrogen is an energy carrier that can transform our fossil fuel dependent economy into a hydrogen economy; t can provide an emission free transportation fuel. Hydrogen has the highest combustion energy per batter relative to any other fuel. It is more efficient on a weight basis than fuels used currently. It offers 2-3 times more energy than most other common fuels. It combines readily with oxygen releasing considerable energy as heat and water Hydrogen storage and transport are issues of intense research due to hydrogen’s characteristics how density. Hydrogen can be burned either to provide heat or to derive turbines or in internal combustion engines. From motive and electrical power. Many of those technologies are quite mature, although improvement in materials and process will help them work better and last longer. Fuel cells are in the early stages of commercialization and offer a more efficient hydrogen use. Hydrogen internal combustion engine in vehicle may provide an important route to enable hydrogen introduction while other technologies such as fuel cell electric derive.
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1:
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells 13
Figure 2:
Alkaline Fuel Cell 17
Figure 3:
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell 20
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Table of Contents
Abstract
Chapter One
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Description of Hydrogen 2
1.2 Hydrogen as the Most Efficient Fuel 3
1.3 Hydrogen as the Cleanest/ Harmless Fuel 3
1.4 Evaluation of the use of Hydrogen as a Fuel 4
Chapter Two
2.0 Source and Methods Hydrogen Production 7
2.1 Kvaerner Process 8
2.2 Biological Production 8
2.3 Biocatalysed Electrolysis 10
Chapter Three
3.0 Application of Hydrogen Fuel Cell in Generation 11
3.1 Types of Fuels Cells 12
3.2 Benefits and Obstacles of the Success of Fuel Cells 23
Chapter Four
4.0 Efficiency and Storage of Hydrogen 28
4.1 Efficiency of Hydrogen Fuel 28
4.2 Storage (Belat, 2008) 31
Chapter Five
5.0 Conclusion and Recommendations 35
5.1 Conclusion 35
5.2 Recommendations 36
References
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In many ways, hydrogen is the perfect fuel. It is the cleanest burning and the most efficient. Hydrogen can produce electricity and electricity can produce hydrogen, creating and energy loop that is renewal and harmless to environment. Hydrogen combines chemically with most elements, so it ahs been utilized as an industrial chemical in a wide range of application for many years. In vehicle hydrogen can be used as a fuel in two ways. To produce electricity in a fuel cell for the clearest option, or in an internal combustion energy where emission are still significantly reduce compared with other fuels (NaTrompine 2013).
- DESCRIPTION OF HYDROGEN
- Hydrogen is the most abundant element, comprising about three quarter of the mass in the universe. Hydrogen is found in the water that covers 70% of the earth surface and in all organic matter.
- Hydrogen is the simplest element in the universe. It is made up of one protein and one election.
- Hydrogen is the highest of all element and gases and is 14times higher than air. A gaseous hydrogen “Spill” diffuse immediately into the air and does not pollute the ground or ground water (Dougherty,et al 2008).
- Hydrogen is colorless, odourless and nontoxic. It does not produce, acid rain deplete the zone or produce harmful emission.
- HYDROGEN AS THE MOST EFFICIENT FUEL
(Dougerty, et al, 2008).
- Hydrogen has the highest combustion energy per pound relative to any other fuel, meaning it is more it is more efficient on weight basis than fuel used currently.
- Hydrogen offers 2-3 times more energy than most other common fuel. It combines readily with oxygen, releasing considerable energy as heat and water.
- HYDROGEN AS THE CLEANEST / HARMLESS FUEL
Unlike carbon based fuel, hydrogen produce on harmful by-produce upon combustion. Only energy and clean water are produce when hydrogen is combined with oxygen in a fuel cell.
- EVALUATION OF THE USE OF HYDROGEN AS A FUEL (Na Trompme, 2003).
Advantage: If used on a car, it would take comparatively less to fill it up than a car running on standard fuel due to the hydrogen fuel cell efficiency. Instead of using only 20% of the petrol to power the vehicle as in a standard car a hydrogen fuel cell system would allow fro 40-60% of the fuel to be channel into running the same vehicle.
Disadvantage: At current, fuel cell cars are not designed with an equivalency large engine capacity extra hydrogen fuel reservoirs in your vehicle if you want to dive as a far as a full tank of standard fuel would carry you.
Pollution Prevention
Advantage: Hydrogen fuel is exponentially clean than is standard fuel competition. Even where combusted in combination with hydrocarbon fuel it is virtually harmless to the environment. When combusted / alone, it proves even cleaner, as only by-products are heat and water.
Disadvantage: Hydrogen fuel is usually produce by a special reforming process of a selection of natural gases and fossil fuels. Many of which are already in short supply and all of which have ready been tapped into. This present one minor setback. Especially as local as major source of pollution and would contradict. Many hydrogen fuel expert views on how it should be made. Additionally it takes more energy to produce the hydrogen than the amount of energy it provides.
Availability
Advantage: Switching to hydrogen fuel would mean the we head to depend a lot lesion foreign oil source, lessening the need for internal importation of fuel. It can be produced in any location fitted with the right technology and can be drawn from as simple a source of water.
Disadvantage: As of yet, the technology required to ship mass amount of hydrogen fuel does not exist. Obviously there are many American companies and others worldwide working to render this fact untrue, but until then this is one major disadvantage of converting to hydrogen fuel.
Practically
Advantage: Once the relevant technology has caught up and hydrogen fuel performance is optimum, it will be a highly practical fuel method for people living in cities, but up areas and other locations with high pollution or close proximity construction.
Disadvantage: First and foremost, hydrogen is a highly explosive gas that will have to be treated with care when using it to fill your vehicle. Do not convert if your area reach below freezing as hydrogen fuel cars must always be within an operating temperature spectrum, and also have water in their system in order to run.
DISCLAIMER: All project works, files and documents posted on this website, eProjectTopics.com are the property/copyright of their respective owners. They are for research reference/guidance purposes only and some of the works may be crowd-sourced. Please don’t submit someone’s work as your own to avoid plagiarism and its consequences. Use it as a reference/citation/guidance purpose only and not copy the work word for word (verbatim). The paper should be used as a guide or framework for your own paper. The contents of this paper should be able to help you in generating new ideas and thoughts for your own study. eProjectTopics.com is a repository of research works where works are uploaded for research guidance. Our aim of providing this work is to help you eradicate the stress of going from one school library to another in search of research materials. This is a legal service because all tertiary institutions permit their students to read previous works, projects, books, articles, journals or papers while developing their own works. This is where the need for literature review comes in. “What a good artist understands is that nothing comes from nowhere. The paid subscription on eProjectTopics.com is a means by which the website is maintained to support Open Education. If you see your work posted here by any means, and you want it to be removed/credited, please contact us with the web address link to the work. We will reply to and honour every request. Please notice it may take up to 24 – 48 hours to process your request.
