TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE i
TITLE PAGE ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER TWO
What is paint 4
Types of paint 6
Primeas 7
Under coat 7
Finishes 7
Varnishes 8
Lacquer 8
Stoppers and filler 8
Sealers 9
CHAPTER THREE
Raw materials 10
Pigments 13
Types of pigments 13
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) 13
Zinc Oxide (ZnO) 14
Lithopone ZnS. BaSo4 15
Yellow from oxide 16
Lead chrom yellow 17
Coppe phthalocryanine blue 17
Extenders 18
Calcium carbonate (CaCa3) 20
Gypsum (CaSo4) 21
Barium sulphate 22
Blame fixed 23
Silica 24
Clay (Aluminum silicate) 26
Mita extenders 28
Binder 29
Latex 30
Polyvinge Acetate (PVAC) 30
Acrylic resin 31
Vehicles 32
Additives 33
Protective colloids or thickener 34
Coalescing agents 35
Dispersing agent 35
Anti – form agent or deformer 36
Plastilers 37
CHAPTER FOUR
Preservation and characteristic of rabber later 39
Preservation of rubber latex 39
Short team preservative 40
Specific gravity 43
PH value 44
Viscosity 44
Refractive index 45
Dry rubber content (solid content) 45
CHAPTER FIVE
Formulation of paint 47
Factors guiding formulation 49
Binder and vehicle characteristics 49
Pigment characteristics 51
Pigment volume concentration (PVC) 52
Pigment to binder ration (P:B) 55
Typical formulations
CHAPTER SIX
Quality control and defects 58
Viscosity 58
Brushability 59
Dry trine 60
Opacity (covering power) 60
Adhesion 62
Dispersion 63
PH of coating 64
CHAPTER SEVEN
Manicuring process and equipment 66
High speed disperser (cowlese) 69
Conclusion 72
References 75
ABSTRACT
The main area covered by this project was a research into the desirability of using locally obtained rubber later as loinder in paint manufacture.
Considering the huge amount of money being spent on the importation of PVac (Poly vingl acetate) which is widely used as binder for paint manufacturing the efforts of this project cannot be over – emphasized. Going though this project, it will be agreed that a gaint stride has been made towards the reduction of foreign exchange being siphoned out of the country through the importation of Pavc for paint manufacturing.
The natural rubber later used for this purpose was collected from Ozozo forest Rubber plation in Delta State. This later will naturally coagulate within 4 – 2,4 house, if unpreserved, therefore the later used for this project was preserved with an anti – coagulant (Ammonia) to avoid coagulation. Experiments carried out on this later exposed some of its characteristics. Naturally a freshly tapped Rubber later will have a PH of between 6.8-7.0, but because of the ammonia used in the preservation the PH was found to be 10.97. Another property of the later which affect the pigment volume concentration (PVC) of paints coating is the dry rubber content or the total solid content which was found through experiment to be 42%.
The normal process of paint manufacturing was employed. Shere were two samples of paints produced each differing from the other by the weight of either PVAC or the rubber later used. One sample made of PVAC as a binder was regarded as standard and the other one with rubber later as binder compared with it.
In each case the binder was added last since it is known that it will not withstand the high shear stress developed in the machine during dispersion.
The PH of the various samples were 8.1 and 10.15 accordingly.
The second sample with rubber later as binder has a PH value outside the standard PH.
The paint produced can be compared with the standard favourably.
Difficulty encountered during the formulation include the inability of Natrosol to dissolve due to delay in pouring the dissolved natrosol in the water faskly and then pour into the other dispersed components. This however was poured off and new formulation made which game the desired result.
The binder power in PVA formulation is much better an concise with that of standard point and it has greater fitness.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The origin of paint and painting started thousands of yeas ago.
It can be rightly said that the desire to decorate their mummies sparked of this concept in Egypt around 15,000.
Since then, this practice has gradually developed through many stages until modern concept of paint and painting came into being. This modern concept was brought about by gradual transformation from old materials and methods of paint making to the use of synthetic material and more modern machinery.
During these early years, the paints were only used on mammies, cares and tombs for the purposes of decorating them only. But now the modern use of paint serves the dual purpose of decoration as well as preventing the substrate on which it is applied. Because of this dual manufactured to meet a specified condition by the use of modern equipment and synthetic materials.
Here in Nigeria, the first modern paint industry was established in 1962, and today we have more than 100 of such industries all using entirely imported materials and equipment for the purposes of producing paint.
Considering the staggering amount of foreign exchange the importation of these materials and equipment by the 100 industries will be directed towards the production of some of these raw materials within the country.
Rubber hater which is a product of hevea brasiciensis tree extensively grown in the western part of the country can be use as a binder in paint formulations against the PAVC which is currently being imported. It is believed that if these persistent calls from both government and individuals for proper heamessment of local raw materials for our local industries are as serious as they want the public to believe, then initial effort should be towards the use of natural rubber later as a brinder for paint manufacturing as there is sure evidence that it will succeed.
Meanwhile the first slot has been fired in this direction by this project.
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