ABSTRACT
Nigeria women has been relegated to the background in Nigerian politics. In this research we set out to study the political participation of women in Ezeagu Local Government, Enugu State. And to know why women have not been achieving involved in the process of shaping the political system. The objectives of this research work is to find out if women are actively involved in the Nigeria political system, using Ezeagu Local Government, Enugu State as the case study. And again, to find out factors responsible for how level of women participating in the politics of Nigeria and the strategies to be adopted in order to ensure achieve participation of women in the politics. It is obvious that women in Nigeria have encountered a number of problems while venturing into politics. There is large scale of discriminations from the male folks, both in voting for candidates and allocating political offices. This issue and problem of women and political participation in Nigeria is the issue of national orientation and awareness to the society at large especially to the low level awareness of the majority of the masses. Finally government should educate the majority of people especially the women folk as majority are illiterates and had already behaved that many of them have no right in political participation and public affairs.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Approval Page iv
Dedication v
Acknowledgements vi
Table of Contents vii
List of Tables ix
Abstract x
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION 1
- Background to the Study 1
- Statement of the Problem 4
- Research Questions 5
- Purpose of the Study 6
- Significance of the Study 7
- Scope of the Study 8
- Limitations of the Study 9
- Definition of Terms 9
- Organization of the Study 10
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Literature review 12
2.2 Theoretical Framework 42
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research design 47
3.2 Area of the Study 47
3.3 Population of the Study 47
3.4 Sample size and Sampling Techniques 47
3.5 Method of Data Collection 48
3.6 Instrument for Data Collection 48
3.7 Reliability of the Instrument 49
3.8 Validity of the Instrument 49
3.9 Distribution and Retrieval of the Instrument 49
3.10 Methods of Data Analysis 49
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Data Presentation 50
4.2 Analysis of Research Questions 53
4.3 Interpretation of Results 57
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary of findings 58
5.2 Conclusion 60
5.3 Recommendations 61
References 64
Appendix A 67
Appendix B 68
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
The fate of the Nigeria women for the past 45 years cannot be described as the best but it can be said to be much better than what is obtainable in some third world countries. It is of a believe that women are sex symbols whose paramount place is either in the kitchen or in their husband’s bed, the Nigeria women have blossomed into what can comfortably be described as independent for over forty five (45) years after Nigeria’s independent. Women accepted whatever attitude, belief, biases and treatment meted out to them until recently when Nigeria women have gradually become more aware of this right and places in society.
To the average Nigeria man, any woman who knows her political rights and asks is quickly regarded as “Tomboyish” and quickly labeled “woman rebel” during the colonial era, much was not heard of woman in Nigeria political except few occasion when they stood their ground to protest one incident or another.
In African women had made history in politics often times, it is associated with violence and military incursion for example, in 1929 over 10,000 ib,bio and Igbo women reacted over taxation rumour which resulted into the killing of about 26 of them.
In 1973, the agitation from the Northern Nigeria women brought about formation of Northern People Congress (NPC) and Northern Elements of Progressive Union (NEPU).
The world body recognizes that women need a sort of special support in view of the fact that they are often discriminated against in many part of the world even the so-called civilized world.
The above statement had established that fact that all over the world women are discriminated against and need special training, support and encouragement to attain political heights like their male counterparts.
The Nigeria women folk has been greatly alienated, discriminated, subjected and non inclusive in the general administration of the stat affairs. The female folk on their side have been on constant agitation and struggle for economic improvement and social recognition within the state polity.
Nigerian women have encountered a number of problems while venturing into politics. This is as a result of large scale marginalization both in voting exercises and in allocation of political offices. Political violence and the social stigma that politics is a dirty game is a further stumbling block for women to become actively involved in the politics of this country. These are the major causes for the low representation of women in Nigeria’s politics of this nation. It has been established that the development of any country requires the participation of both men and women. There is global recognition that gender equality in political participation is a fundamental aspect of modern democratic governance. It is expected that both men and women should have equal rights and opportunities to participate fully in all aspects and at all levels of political processes. But in practice, women face challenges and the number of women in leadership and decision making positions is abysmally low. Meanwhile, it has been proven that countries with increased women’s participation in politics and leadership positions tend to be more inclusive, egalitarian and democratic.
The research will then unveil the nature and character of the Nigeria politics with a view at assessing the degree of women participation and training in political activities of the state. At the end of the assessment workable solutions will be preferred on how best to improve their lot in the state specially with regard to political participation.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
A close observation of the degree of political participation and training of women in Nigeria tend to reveal that women have not been actively involved in the process of sharpening the political system. This disparity between women and non political participation has been a subject of controversy and debates among scholars, politicians, analysts and stakeholder in Nigeria.
Since 1999 when the present civilian government came into power after a long period of military regime, women politicians in Enugu State like their counterparts in other part of the federation have continued to express dismay over the low participation and alienation of women in the politics of the state. Consequently, in 2003 a female governorship aspirant, laureta Aniagolu joined the race for the seat of governor in Enugu State.
Unfortunately, she was maneuvered in the party primary of the United Nigeria People Party. She later joined the National conscience party and was defeated with other aspirants by Governor Chimaroke Nnamani in a General Election, which according to Asowata (2006) and many other observers, was a rape of democracy and political fraud.
Significantly women apathy and alienation politics has been attributed to some factors such as colonial system of economic and political exclusion of women in the control and management of state, the post colonial system of exclusion, the religions cultural enslavement of women, the contemporary economic deprivation, the educational disempowerment and social discrimination.
Based on these premises some fundamental questions become important:
- Have women been actively involved in the politics of Nigeria?
- Are the post colonial retention of colonial system of social discrimination and educational disempowerment responsible for low level of woman participation and training in political in Nigeria?
- What are the strategies to be adopted in order to ensure active participation of women in the politics of Nigeria?
- Research Questions
To be able to find out the impact of women participation in the Nigeria political system, the following questions have been put forward as a guide.
- Have the women in Nigeria been involved in politics?
- To what extent have they been allowed to be involved?
- What are the possible hindrances to the involvement of women in politics?
1.4 Purpose of the Study
A research is directed towards establishing the main nature of participation and training by women in politics, the level, which they have attained, the hindrances and what should be made to improve, the level of participation and training. The study established the participation of women who are proficient in politics and how their participation have helped in inculcating, progress and emancipation of women from the decision making body of the state.
The specific and concrete desired achievements at the end of this work underscores its objectives (Obasi:1999). Accordingly, this research work intends:
- To find out if women are actively involved in the politics of Nigeria and so what impact they have created.
- To find out if there still exists colonial and post-colonial system of social discrimination against women in the politics of Nigeria.
- To find out the strategies to be adopted in order to ensure active participation of women in the politics of Nigeria.
1.5 Significance of the Study
As an academic venture, the significance of this type of study is so enormous that one cannot comprehend such with or limited ordinary words.
In the first place, one can rightly say the significance of the study, is to unmask the nature and character of the Nigeria political system and then use such as a prelude for analyzing the nature and character of Nigeria politics with particular reference to the degree of participation of women in the politics of Nigeria.
The work shall unveil in the political activities of Nigeria and Ezeagu in particularly from the sector, it shall assess the fundamental factors, responsible for low training of women in the politics of Nigeria in general. Going by this trend, the study shall also provide both women and often political stakeholders there required information necessary for addressing the problems of low training of women in participation of the political of Nigeria.
Theoretically, there has been for a general work on Nigeria women especially in the sphere of politics. This will give an overview of the subject, incorporate and synthesize the various views of women and their effort to emancipate themselves from the social, economic, cultural and political subjugation which they find themselves. This work will contribute a lot in this aspect.
At the empirical level, women especially those aspiring to political position, will equally be policy makers in general. It would give them insight into the hindrance (economic, social and culture) to women’s aspirations in the political spheres, and therefore, know how to make legislations, which would encourage their effective participation in politics.
- Scope of the Study
The scope of the study over a reasonable period of time, and area of Ezeagu local government area of Enugu State. In the first place, the scope range from the colonial period to the present period. This springs from the fact that the colonial masters first instituted the process of economic and political alienation and exclusion of women which invariably were inherited and subsequently perfected by the indigenous political elite.
However, in area of operation, the Nigeria state is the area of grand from work of analysis which Ezeagu, Enugu State remains the point of emphasis women on their part collectively remained the fundamental instrument of study.
1.6 Limitations of the Study
The research work had its own challenges which either promote or militate against its advancement.
These challenges and limitations include time constants, financial inadequacies of the interviews, poor assistance from the government sector and poor infrastructural facilities like poor power supply. All these challenges and limitations were experienced by the researcher in the course of carrying out this researcher work.
However, with perseverance and enterprises these challenges were tactfully surmounted and a successful completion of the researcher work attained.
1.8 Definition of Terms
The purpose of conceptual clarification is to clearly define terminologies to aid understanding for the purpose of this work. The following concepts will be defined.
Women Liberation: Women liberation emerged with these struggles for rights and objective, it is said to constitute what is of women’s concern and what is not, because people use the word freely.
Alienation: This concept of alienation is defined as the state of being withdrawn or isolated. It could be denying of one’s right.
Apathy: Apathy can be defined as lack of interest in or concern for things that others find moving or exciting especially in the political systems of a society.
Culture: Culture is defined as people’s way of life, which includes their mode of dressing, cooking, dancing, eating, greeting, language etc. It is a particular from or stage of civilization as that of a certain nation or period.
Furthermore, its complex which include knowledge, belief morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits, acquired by man as a member of society.
Discrimination: The concept discrimination is defined as the treatment of consideration of, or making a distinction in favour of or against a person or group of persons.
Training: Training is defined as a process of preparing or being prepared for sport or job, i.e training people in politics to be able to participate very well in politics or training people for a profession.
1.9 Organization of the Study
This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows. Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (background of the study), statement of the problem, purpose of the study, research questions, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope of the study etc. Chapter two being the review of the related literature presents the theoretical framework, conceptual framework and other areas concerning the subject matter. Chapter three is a research methodology covers deals on the research design and methods adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study
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