LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
Table 1– — — — — — — — — — — 14
Table 2– — — — — — — — — — — 39
Table 3– — — — — — — — — — — 43
Table 4– — — — — — — — — — — 44
Figure 1– — — — — — — — — — — 18
Figure 2– — — — — — — — — — — 20
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page — — — — — — — — — — i
Certification — — — — — — — — — ii
Dedication — — — — — — — — — — iii
Acknowledgment — — — — — — — — — iv
List of Tables and Figures — — — — — — — — v
Table of Contents — — — — — — — — — vi
Abstract — — — — — — — — — — ix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction — — — — — — — — — 2
1.2 Background of the Study – — — — — — — 2
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review — — — — — — — — 3
2.1 Desmodium velutinum — — — — — — — 3
2.1.2 Biological and Medicinal — — — — — — — 5
2.1.3 Uses of other species Desmodium velutinum — — — — 5
2.2 Plants for Antilipidemic — — — — — — — 7
2.2.1 Advantage of Medicinal Plants for Antilipidemic/
Cardiovascular Diseases over Synthetic Drugs — — — 10
2.3 Lipids and Lipoprotein — — — — — — — 11
2.3.1 Classification of Lipoprotein — — — — — — 13
2.3.2 Function of lipoprotein — — — — — — — 14
2.4 Lipoprotein Disorder — — — — — — — — 17
2.5 Antilipidemic Drug (Atorvastatin) — — — — — 18
2.5.1 Other Antilipidemic Drugs — — — — — — 22
2.5.2 Other therapies — — — — — — — — 26
2.5.3 Health Side Effects of Atorvastatin — — — — — 27
CHAPTER THREE
Materials and Methods — — — — — — — — 28
3.1 Materials — — — — — — — — — — 28
3.1.1 Chemicals and Reagents — — — — — — — 29
3.2 Plant Material -Collection and Identification — — — — 30
3.3 Extraction — — — — — — — — — 30
3.4 Phytochemical Analysis — — — — — — — 31
3.5 Experimental Animal Model — — — — — — 35
3.6 Collection of Blood Samples — — — — — — 38
3.7 Lipid Profile Analysis — — — — — — — 38
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT
4.0 Statically Analysis — — — — — — — — 45
4.1 Phytochemical Results — — — — — — — 45
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Discussion — — — — — — — — — 48
5.2 Conclusion — — — — — — — — — 51
References — — — — — — — — — — 52
ABSTRACT
This study evaluated the antilipidemic activity of water extracts from leaves
of Desmodium velutinum on albino wistar rats. The phytochemical analysis
of the leaf extract showed the presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids,
soluble carbohydrates, flavonoids, reducing sugar, steroids, cyanide and
terpenoids. The animals were treated with known drugs (atorvastatin 2ml).
There were significantly reductions in HDL 13.00 1.41 mg/dl LDL 1.20
0.14 mg/dl and triglyceride 39.00 0.14 mg/dl, compared with water extract
of Desmodium velutinum (0.5ml). when administered was found to
significantly reduce lipid plasma which was LDL 1.90 0.00mg/dl,
triglyceride 50.00 0.00mg/dl and increase HDL 25.00 0.00 mg/dl which
is the good cholesterol. The water extract of Desmodium velutinum leaf can
possibly normalize the plasma lipid when compared with the group given
atorvastatin. The phytochemicals analysis showed that the association
between these complexes and compounds and other constituent play an
important role in the biological activity of the leaf. This study suggested that
the water extract of D.velutinum leaf posses hypolipidemic as well as
antilipidemic effect.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities play a major role in the
development and progression of coronary artery diseases. Low levels of high
density lipoprotein cholesterols have been identified as independent
coronary risk factors (Rodrigue et al., 2010). High level of blood cholesterol
is responsible for circulatory system disorder. Increase level of low density
lipoprotein (LDL) is alarming for cardiovascular diseases and their risk is
increased many times (Harman et al., 2011).
In developing countries, the occurrence of heart diseases increases
rapidly (Nordestgard et al., 2010). Medical studies show that about 70% of
adults over 50 years old suffer atherosclerosis. (Sherien and Azza, 2009). A
large number of synthetic hypolipidemic drugs are available in market. Long
term use of these drugs cause serious side effects, and are costly.
A medicinal plant is any plant which in one or more of its organ,
contains substance that can be used for therapeutic purpose or which is a
precursor for synthesis of useful drugs (Sivakumar et al., 2007). Plant
contains a large number of bioactive phytochemicals that are responsible for
pharmacological action of plants and used for development of drugs. Many
medicinal plants have shown their antilipidemic effect and proved their
efficacy in cardiovascular diseases (Nordestgard et al., 2010; Wang, 1999).
One of such plants used very often in the management of the disease
by the traditional medicine practitioners of Eastern Nigeria is Desmodium
velutium, a perennial plant erect or semi-erect shrub or sub-shrub up to 3m
light. It is widely distributed in subtropical Asia and tropical Africa. (Amowi
and Azode, 2012).
Extracts of Desmodium velutium are used traditionally in some
disease conditions particularly aphrodisiac and headache. Hence,
Desomdium velutium may be a source of a pharmacological active agent
useful in the treatment of aches, pains and diarrhoea. In Ghana, native
doctors mix the root of Desmodium lasincarpum with some hot peppers and
use it as enema to cure blood in urine. In Eastern States of Nigeria, the plant
locally known as “Ikeagwuani”. (Onyegbule et al., 2012). In these present
studies, I investigated the antilipidemic activity of the water (H2O) extract of
Desmodium velutinum Leaves on albino wistar rats.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITEFATURE REVIEW
2.1 DESMODIUM VELUTIMUM
Desmodium velutinum is an upright woody perennial herb, sub-shrub
or shrub, up to 3m tall (Onyegbule, et al., 2012).
Leaflets are light green to blue, green or darker above, paler beneath
and with prominent pallid veins, roundish to elliptic to rhombic ovate, 3-
9.4cm long , 2-7cm wide, entire or repaid (indented at the termination of the
lateral veins) and ciliate, think, mostly soft velvety on both Surface with
long stiff golden, reddish or white hairs. Inflorescence arises in left axis, and
at the end of branches. They are densely flowered racemes up to 10cm or
mere long; at least the terminal ones often paniculately branched. Flowers
are white pink to blue, mauve or brilliant purple, usually appearing whitish
or pale when dry.
Common names – velvet leaf D, villous LD
Hind: Jagru, Lagavang, Lippa-Pank
Malayalam: Orial, Sanskrit, Prasnipani
Tamil: Akilametaki, Amcapatayilni, Ankachupati
Telugu: Cliua madu, chimanduri
India: Chilkiboota
India: Lalkan while local name: Ikeagwuani (Igbos)
Botanical Name: Desmodium velutinum
Family: Fabaceae (Pea family)
Order: Fabales Class: Magnoliopsida, Division: Magnoliophyta, Genus:
Desmodium (Garg, 2006)
Other species of Desmodium include Desmodium lasiocarpum, Desmodium
gangeticm, Desmodium repandum, Desmodium styracitolium, Desmodium
diffusum, Desmodium heterophyllum, Desmodium triflorum, etc.
Desmodium velutinum can adapt to a wide range of soil PH, from very
acid (pH 4.0) to alkaline. It also prefers more humidity climates
of >1000>3000mm rainfall 1 year, tolerates up to 5 months dry season. It
grows at altitudes from 0.1-500m with average temperature above 200C and
has some shade tolerances as it grows in forest verges in New Guinea
DISCLAIMER: All project works, files and documents posted on this website, eProjectTopics.com are the property/copyright of their respective owners. They are for research reference/guidance purposes only and some of the works may be crowd-sourced. Please don’t submit someone’s work as your own to avoid plagiarism and its consequences. Use it as a reference/citation/guidance purpose only and not copy the work word for word (verbatim). The paper should be used as a guide or framework for your own paper. The contents of this paper should be able to help you in generating new ideas and thoughts for your own study. eProjectTopics.com is a repository of research works where works are uploaded for research guidance. Our aim of providing this work is to help you eradicate the stress of going from one school library to another in search of research materials. This is a legal service because all tertiary institutions permit their students to read previous works, projects, books, articles, journals or papers while developing their own works. This is where the need for literature review comes in. “What a good artist understands is that nothing comes from nowhere. The paid subscription on eProjectTopics.com is a means by which the website is maintained to support Open Education. If you see your work posted here by any means, and you want it to be removed/credited, please contact us with the web address link to the work. We will reply to and honour every request. Please notice it may take up to 24 – 48 hours to process your request.
