CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Journalism is the collection, preparation and distribution of News and
related commentary and feature materials through such media as pamphlet, News
letter, magazines, radio, motion pictures, television, Bill Boards the internet and
Books.
Journalism according to World Book encyclopedia (Vol. 11) is the
profession of recording events they maybe of interest to the public. It is therefore
both World-wide in scope and as limited as the territory covered by the smallest
weekly paper. Men and women who are engaged in this tremendous News
gatherings task call themselves journalists and such modern journalists use every
means of communication to report the News of the world to Newspaper, Magazine
and the New Rooms of Radio and Television.
According to Lambenr and Lambenr (1964), an Attitude is a composite of
how a person understands, feel about and act towards the given object person or
issues, events and objects.
The earliest known Journalists product was a News sheet in Ancient Rome
called the ACTA DIURNAL published daily from 59BC, it was hung in prominent
places and recorded important social and political events. Journalism in the 20th
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century was marked by a growing sense of professionalism. In our society today it
has been observed that female student journalists have negative attitude towards
taking Journalism as a career, but before going into that we look at history of the
NUJ.
History of the Nigeria Union of Journalist (NUJ)
The Nigeria Union of Journalism (NUJ) birth was linked to the struggle for
the independence of Nigeria. The struggle, it could be re-called gave birth to many
protest groups, all yearning for the country‟s independency from the British. The
group came in various shades, some were political in nature like “The Nigeria
Youth Movement” a platform for the Nationalists, others were Trade Union and
Professional groups. It was the collective activities and efforts of the Nationalists
and Journalists in the early 1950‟s that compelled the British Colonial Government
to grant Nigeria independence without shedding blood.
Apart from writing editorial comments and reporting the activities of the
Nationalists, Trade union students and bodies involved in the struggle for
independence on the pages of Newspapers, the journalists however, had no central
body through which they could take any action like other groups. What they could
not express as a body was done through Newspapers. When Journalism started in
Nigeria, the industry was not totally professional affair. However, most of the
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persons who ventured into the field were those of great reputation and integrity;
persons who had the calling, competence and skills to do so.
Eminent Nigerian statement such as Herbert Macurly, Nnamdi Azikiwe,
Adamu Ciroma, Ernest Ikoli, Lateef Jakande, among others, all started as
journalists, through which they made their indelible marks on National
development. This goes to shows that journalism is not for quacks, charlatans or
dropout, who have now invaded the industry, claiming to know what they do not
know. In essence the Nigeria Union of Journalist (NUJ) of this present time should
therefore, beef up their watch dog function to confront the menace with all
seriousness. The union must wake up and come up with radical measures to check
this situation that smears the integrity and reputation of hardworking journalists.
The union should also devise means of encouraging real reporters to draw the
attention of events organizers to the presence of fake Journalists in their midst.
Media houses need to co-operate with the NUJ in tacking the challenges posed by
the fake journalists.
They can do this by highlighting reports about quacks in the industry and
punishing the impersonators apprehended. This is the only way to bring about the
desired respectability to journalists and indeed respectability to journalists and
indeed, the Nigerian journalism industry.
Having looked at the history of the NUJs, this Negative attitude of female
student journalists is highly reflected in the Number of mass media houses. Almost
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all institution of higher learning in Nigeria offer Mass Communication courses
leading to the awards of various degrees and certificates, including National
Diploma, Higher National Diploma, Bachelor and Master Degrees. The increase in
the Number of female graduates from all these institution are not reflected in the
media of communication in the country.
Each year, hundreds of female students graduate as Mass Communicators.
A close look shows that the Numbers of female Journalist students surpassed the
Number of their Male counterpart. But in the field today, a good number of these
female graduates are not seen working in the various media houses scatted all over
the country. Reference to the convocation booklets from these schools revealed
that good Number of female Mass Communication students graduated from those
schools. In the year 1997, about 86 female Journalist graduated from the Ogun
State Polytechnic, about 150 female Journalists graduated from Federal
Polytechnic Oko, that same year the Institute of Management and Technology
(IMT) Enugu had about 120 female graduates in the year 2011.
Similarly with other Mass Communication schools in the country for
instance in the year 2008, Nnamdi Azikiwe University (NAU) Awka turned out
about 58 female graduate from department of Mass Communication Between year
2008, Caritas University Enugu graduated over 50 female journalist. Presently, in
my class we are 56 students in Number, 49 out of the 56 students are females while
only 5 are male.
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In other levels, the Numbers of female students surpassed the Number of
Male students in the department of Mass Communication with great difference.
In recent year, Media houses in the Western countries lack trained
journalist in the various communication activities. Invariably, it has been the same
in Nigeria and this could be seen in most cases of the media houses in Nigeria.
There has been an imbalance in the number of female and male trained Journalists
working with them. Those who are worried about this situation said that if there
were more women that men seeking Jobs in the media houses and they all have the
same ability and background, more men get the job (Women in communication,
Pg. 8) she noted that women could only be awarded a job if they are hardworking
and qualified, they must be awarded or offered a job in the journalism professions.
Further more, the Enugu Television Authority has about twenty seven
trained journalists on its staff, five out of the twenty seven are female. The
situation is similar in other media institutions through out Nigeria and in most
Western countries.
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
According to Omenugha (2004. P, 4) “one thing that is glaring in the
Nigeria media is the near absence of Nigeria women as Newsmakers”. Though
Nigeria is developing, it got to stage where the female journalists and their male
counterparts should be competing in the media houses. The number of female
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journalists in the field is very fern compared to the number that graduates from
journalism schools and universities. This study was undertaken to analyses the low
participation of the female journalists, it was observed that good number of trained
female journalists go into the profession but very few of them practice the career.
Therefore the question the study seeks to answer is the attitude of Caritas
female Mass Communication students towards journalism as a career.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study are;
To find out if the hazard of journalism as a career scare women away from
the profession.
To find out if the fragile nature of women make them drop their profession
for less hazardrous jobs after their training.
To find out possible solutions to the female aparthy to the journalism
profession in Nigeria vis a vis counterparts in other countries.
1.4 Research Questions
In what ways does the hazard of journalism as a career scare women away
from the profession?
Why does the fragile nature of women make them drop their profession for
less hazardrous jobs after their training?
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What are the possible solutions to the female aparthy to the journalism
profession in Nigeria vis a vis their counterparts in other countries?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
1. H1: Hazard of journalism as a career does not scare women away from
the profession.
2. H1: Fragile nature of women do make them drop their profession for
less hazardrous jobs after their training.
1.6 Scope of the Study
As this study focuses attention primarily on the attitude of female Mass
Communication students towards journalism as a career, it attempts an over view
of a good number of professionals who have already made similar studies of
women images in the media and their attitude towards journalism.
In this study, the researcher raised a number of assumptions, she assume
that the way the image of women are being potrayed in the society as journalists
have created an imbalance in the ratio of working male journalists to the female
counterparts.
In essence, the researcher has deemed it fit to concentrate mere on Caritas
female journalists and the issues affecting them as working journalists.
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1.7 Significance of the study
This study will be of immense benefits to the female journalists because a
lot of people are being baffled over the issue why women do not take up
journalism as a career after studies. It has really agitated the minds of some
professionals and has equally created a lot of controversy. The researcher,
therefore has deemed it fit to find out the reason for such negative attitude of
females towards journalism.
Some authors and researchers lives on assumptions mainly because of the
way the images of Women are being potrayed in the society as journalists. This
study has therefore provided an avenue for an in-dept study on the controversial
issue of knowing the militants against the idea of women going into journalism as a
career, how do these women see the practice of journalism, do they go into the
study with the intention of practicing journalism or taking up just as a career.
This study will serve as resource materials for programmes design and
implementation in the effort concerning women in development and to student of
women studies Mass Communication and Journalism. It will be useful reading and
reference materials for others.
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1.8 Operational Definitions of Significant Terms
In this research work, the terms used were operationally defined, the
meanings reflect how the researcher wants the term to be understood in the context
of this work.
1. Study: It is an act of considering or examining some thing in detail. It can
also be said to be a piece of research that examines a subject or question in
detail.
2. Attitude: This is a way of feeling or your – opinion about something or
somebody.
3. Female: It is a situation of being a women or girl.
4. Mass: A large Number of people in a community, society and nation.
5. Communication: Method of sending information to a large number of
people, especially through Television, Radio, Computers, Newspaper,
Magazine Etc.
6. Students: These are group of people who are studying at a university or
colleges.
7. Towards: This is in relation to something or somebody or in the direction
of something.
8. Journalism: It is a new effort in reporting in which professional
communicators use social research method together, interprete and vividly
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present information to the target audience. Journalists is therefore, the
science of reporting.
9. Career: It is the job or series of jobs that you do during your working life,
especially if you continue to get more money.
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