Table of content
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of content v-vii
Abstract viii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of the study 1
1.1.1 Automatic Control 4
1.1.2 Control system 5
1.2 Statement of the problem 7
1.3 Objectives of the study 8
1.4 Significant of the study 8
1.5 Scope of the study 10
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW 11
2.1 Review of literature 11
2.2 Traffic sign 14
2.3 The signing system 16
2.4 Definition of terms 18
2.5 Description of electrical components 20
2.5.1 Resistor 20
2.5.1.1 Values of resistor 21
2.5.2 Capacitor 24
2.5.2.1 Types of capacitor 25
2.5.2.2 Values of resistor 26
2.5.3 Light emitting diode (LED) 26
2.5.3.1 Seven segment display 28
2.5.4 Transistor 29
2.5.5 Integrated circuit 32
2.5.6 Micro switch 34
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHOD 35
3.1 Materials 35
3.2 Method 37
3.3 Constructional Procedure 38
3.4 Packaging 40
3.5 Principle of Operation 42
CHAPTER FOUR
TESTING AND RESULT 44
4.1 Testing 44
4.2 Result 44
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS 50
5.1 Discussion 47
5.2 Conclusion 48
5.3 Recommendations 49
References 51
ABSTRACT
This work has been aimed at efficient means of controlling the traffic effectively for twenty-four hours. As the world is going technologically, more and more vehicles jump into the public road adding to the already existing number. Consequently, more efficient way of controlling the traffics becomes more desirable as compared to the obsolete way of using the traffic personnel’s. The construction of this traffic light control is grouped basically into three; digital logic, the power circuit and the power supply. The digital logic is based on integrated circuits which happen to be the modern way of designing digital systems, the power circuit design is aimed at lighting the different LEDs as and when due, while the power supply strives to achieve a constant 8v dc supply for powering the circuit. For this work, the frame with the LEDs mounted on. It has been constructed, the driven circuit as implemented and the entire system enclosed in the smoothened frame. The realized work was tested and guaranteed to give a firmly good level of performance. It is useful equipment for controlling traffic flow at junctions. The construction has for long outweighed the older system in many ways, it is more efficient and effective as well as it can enhance the transportation system of the country saving many hours usually lost in traffic problems.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
- Background of the study
In the developing information technology world, everything is so improving time by time. Advance in transport technology have brought benefits, but growing vehicle fleets and escalating use have also created problems. If transportation is clear, traffic jam and air pollution will be less. Moreover, by controlling car traffic, car accidents cases will be reduced in every country. Traffic light is one of the most vital public facilities that play an important role to road users. The traffic on our roads, especially in urban areas are worrisome due to ever increasing number of cars that grow day by day and if adequate measures are not taken to control the situation, will soon lead to circumstance that cannot be controlled. Traffic control at T-junction or elsewhere ensures orderliness of movement of vehicle, goods and pedestrians while its absence strongly leads to chaos and most times leads to accidents which causes injuries and on a more severe case death for the victims. The innumerable busy traffic junctions in the country by far outnumber the staff strengths of traffic wardens available and even if they are, they cannot do so throughout the day.
The intelligent traffic light that had been developed presents several advantages. Since the waiting time of the vehicles for the lights to change is optimal, the emission of carbon-monoxide from the vehicle reduced. This will give a positive effect to the lights to change since it helps reducing congestion in the traffic intersection. Another advantage is that there is no interference between the sensor rays and there is no redundant signal triggering. (Aye, 2008)
The cabinet typically contains a power panel, to distribute electrical power in the cabinet; a detector interface panel and either detectors, selector amplifiers, the controller itself , a conflict monitor unit, flash transfer relays, a police panel, to allow the police to disable the signal; and other components. (Koonce et al.,2008).
Traffic controllers use the concept of phases, which are direction of movement grouped together. A four-way intersection with independent control for each direction and each left-turn will have eight phases.
In general, this project “construction of a four way junction traffic light with automatic counter” is such a device that will play significant role in controlling traffic a junction to ease the expected increased rush at such junction and reduces to minimum such disorderliness that may arise as allowing the pedestrians a right of the way at intervals rather than being stroked down. The electro-mechanical signals’ controllers use dial timers that have fixed, signalized intersection time plans. The display until of each stand consist three bulbs; Red in colour indicating STOP, Yellow indicating SLOW DOWN and Green in colour indicating MOVE. (Oshevire, 2014)
- Automatic Control
When a device is designed to perform without the need of human inputs for correction, such device or system is said to be automatic control (Such as ruise control for regulating the speed of a car) (McGraw-Hill, 2001).
Automatic control systems were first developed over two thousand years ago. First feedback control device in record is thought to be the ancient klesobios water clock in Alexandria Egypt around the third country BC. It kept time by regulating the water level in a vessel and therefore, the water flow from the vessel. A variety of automatic device have been used over the centuries to accomplish useful tasks or simply just to entertain. The later included the automata popular in Europe in the in the 17th and 18th centuries to accomplish useful tasks over and over again (Dyer, 2018).
1.1.2. Control System
Control system engineering is the engineering discipline that applies control theory to design systems with deserved behavior (Oshevire, 2014). It uses sensor to measure the output performance of the device being controlled and these measurements can be used to give feedback to the input activators that can make corrections towards desired performance. Modern day control engineering is a relatively new field of study that gained significant attention during the 20th century with the advancement of technology. It has an essential role in a wide range of control systems from simple household washing machine to high performance fighter aircraft. It seeks to understand physical systems, using mathematical modeling in terms of inputs outputs and various components with different behaviors, use control systems design tools to develop controllers for those systems and implement controllers in physical system applying available technology. A system can be mechanical, electronically, fluid, chemical, financial and even biological and the mathematical modeling analysis and controller design uses control theory in one or many of the time, frequently and complex domains depending on the nature of the design problem (Katsuhiko, 2003).
- Statement of the Problem
The monitoring and control of traffic at urban areas is becoming a major problem in many developed and developing countries of the world. The increasing number of vehicles and lower phase of highways development has led to traffic congestion also indirectly affect productivity, efficiency and energy losses.
There are many factors that led to traffic congestion of which are the density of vehicle on the roads, human habits social behavior and traffic light system that controls the traffic at junction. Traffic police men are deployed at traffic intersections everyday in order to overcome these congestion especially during peak hours, one of the roots of the problem is due to ineffective traffic light controllers. Therefore with effective control of traffic at intersection, it is believed that the overall capacity and performance of urban traffic network could be resolved.
- Aim and Objectives of the Study
The aim of the study is to construct a digital four lane junction traffic light. Other objectives include:
- To investigate the immediate usefulness of the control system as complimentary to traffic wardens.
- To determine the level of performance of the traffic light.
1.4. Significance of the Study
This project will be beneficial to the travelers, drivers, riders and pedestrians so far as they travel by road.
The four way junction traffic light with automatic counter will play significant role in controlling traffic light at the junction to ease the expected increased rush at some junctions and reduces to minimum such disorderliness that may arise as well as allowing the pedestrians a right of the way at intervals rather than being stroke down.
- Scope of the Study
The scope of this study is to construct a four way junction traffic light which can be used where there is four way junctions.
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