TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page……………………………………………………….i
Certification…………………………………………………….ii
Dedication………………………………………………………iii
Acknowledgement………………………………………………iv
Table of content…………………………………………………v
List of table……………………………………………………..vii
Abstract…………………………………………………………viii
1.0 Chapter one
1.1 Introduction………………………………………………….1
1.2 Objectives……………………………………………………4
2.0 Chapter two
2.1 Mode of transmission and risk factors ………………………..5
2.2 Pathogenesis and incubation period…………………………..7
2.3 Epidemiology…………………………………………………8
2.4 Signs and symptoms………………………………………….9
2.5 Diagnosis……………………………………………………..9
2.6 Prevention and control………………………………………11
2.7 Treatment……………………………………………………12
2.8 Hepatitis C virus and pregnancy…………………………….12
2.9 Hepatitis C virus and HIV……………………………………16
3.0 Chapter three
3.1 Material……………………………………………………..18
7
3.2 Study population……………………………………………18
3.3 Sample collection…………………………………………..18
3.4 Method……………………………………………………..18
4.0 Chapter four
4.1 Results………………………………………………………20
5.0 Chapter five
5.1 Discussion………………………………………………….26
5.2 Conclusion………………………………………………….26
5.3 Recommendation……………………………………………27
References………………………………………………………28
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List of tables
4.1 Age distribution of HCV in pregnant women……………..22
4.2 Sex distribution of HCV in PLWHA………………………23
4.3 Age distribution of HCV in male HIV patients……………24
4.4 Age distribution of HCV in female HIV patients………….25
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ABSTRACT
A total of 50 blood (30 pregnant and 20 HIV) samples were obtained from
pregnant women and PLWHA attending clinic at UNTH Ituku-ozalla. Samples
were screened for hepatitis c viral infection using the rapid one step hepatitis C
virus test strip. Two (6.66%) pregnant women were positive and four (20%)
HIV patients were positive for Hepatitis C, giving an overall prevalence rate of
(26.7%). The infection was the same in male (3) and in female (3). Those aged
23-34 years recorded a higher prevalence of (20%) than those in the age group
19-23. This higher prevalence of hepatitis C suggests that pregnant women and
PLWHA may be at risk of hepatitis due to hepatitis C virus. Therefore routine
screening of pregnant women and PLWHA should be instituted for early
diagnosis and management of cases.
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CHAPTER ONE
1.1INTRODUCTION
Hepatitis C infection is an infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis C virus
(HCV). HCV is one of several viruses that can cause hepatitis. ‘Hepatitis’ means
inflammation of the liver(Ryan and Ray,2004).It is unrelated to the other
common hepatitis viruses (for example, hepatitis A or hepatitis B). HCV is a
member of thehepacivirus genus in the familyFlaviviridae. There are at least six
distinctly different strains of the virus which have different genetic profiles
(genotypes). In the U. S., genotype 1 is the most common form of HCV. Even
within a single genotype there may be some variations (genotype 1a and 1b, for
example). Genotyping is important to guide treatment because some viral
genotype respond better to therapy than others (Wilkins et al. 2009).
According to Hepatitis C NSW (2010), here are some of the things that can
happen once the body contract hepatitis C.
The body may deal with hepatitis C of its own accord and you may never get
sick.About 25% of all people who contract hepatitis C will clear the infection
(although this happen less commonly in people with HIV). For a range of
reasons, hepatitis C infection is eradicated from the body in these people,
usually within 12 months of having been infected.
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Hepatitis C may remain present in the body. About three quarters of people
who contract hepatitis C will be chronically infected. This means that they have
detectable hepatitis C virus (measured by a PCR test) in their blood for a period
of longer than twelve months. People in this group may be at risk of developing
liver problems over time.
The genetic diversity of HCV is one reason that it has been difficult to develop
an effective vaccine since the vaccine must protect against all genotypes. It is
difficult for the human immune system to eliminate HCV from the body, and
infection with HCV usually becomes chronic. Over decades, chronic infection
with HCV damages the liver and can cause liver failure. Up to 85% of newlyinfected people fail to eliminate the virus and become chronically infected.
Infection is most commonly detected among people who are 40 to 60 years of
age, reflecting the high rates of infection in the 1970s and 1980s. There are
8,000 to 10,000 deaths each year in the U.S. related to HCV infection. HCV
infection is the leading cause of liver transplantation in the U.S and is a risk
factor for liver cancer.
Most of the signs and symptoms of HCV infection relate to the liver. Less
commonly, HCV infection causes conditions outside of the liver. Symptoms are
generally mild and vague, including a decreased appetite, fatigue, nausea, fever.
Headache, muscle or joint pains, and weigh loss.Hepatitis C after many years
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becomes the primary cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer. About 10–30% of
people develop cirrhosis over 30 years (Meisel, et al. 1995).
HCV infection can cause the body to produce unusual antibodies called
‘cryoglobulins’. These cryoglobulins cause inflammation of the arteries
(vasculitis) which may damage the skin, joints, and kidneys. In addition, these
patients may develop Raynaud’s phenomenon in which the fingers and toes turn
color (white, then purple, then red) and become painful at cold
temperatures(Iannuzzella, and Vaglio, 2010).
Two skin conditions, lichen planus and porphyria cutaneatarda, have been
associated with chronic infection with HCV. HCV also is associated with B-cell
lymphoma, a cancer of the lymph system.
Doctors use various tests to determine if a person has hepatitis C. One type of
test measures antibodies in the blood, indicating that a person been exposed to
HCV; the two most common antibody tests are called ELISA and RIBA. Viral
load tests measure how much HCV genetic material is present in the blood; the
two most common viral load tests are called PCR and bDNA.
Who to test for hepatitis c virus
According to MMWR (1998) Persons who ever injected illegal drugs,
Persons who were ever on chronic (long-term) hemodialysis;
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Persons with persistently abnormal alanine aminotransferase level
Persons who were notified that they received blood from a donor who later
tested positive for HCV infection;
Persons who received a transfusion of blood or blood components and organ
transplant before July 1992; and
Healthcare, emergency medical and public safety workers after needle sticks, or
mucosal exposures to HCV-positive blood
Children born to HCV-positive women.
1.2 OBJECTIVES
i. To determine the prevalence of hepatitis C virus in pregnant women attending
ante-natal in UNTH Ituku-ozalla
ii. To determine the age distribution where the infection occurs most
iii. To determine the prevalence of hepatitis virus in people living with HIV and
AIDS attending UNTH Ituku-ozalla
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