TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents Pages
Title Page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables viii
Abstract x
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 6
1.3 Objective of the Study 6
1.4 Research Questions 7
1.5 Scope of the Study 7
1.6 Significance of the Study 7
1.7 Operational Definition of Terms 8
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Review of Concepts 9
2.2.1 The Concept of Digitization 9
2.2.2 The Concept of Broadcasting Media 13
2.3 Review of Related Studies 14
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2.4 Theoretical Framework 15
2.5 Summary of Literature Review 16
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 17
3.2 Research Design 17
3.3 Population of Study 17
3.4 Sampling Technique/Sample Size 18
3.5 Description of Research Instrument 18
3.6 Validity/ Reliability of Data Gathering Instruments 18
3.7 Method of Data Collection 19
3.8 Method of Data Analysis 19
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION
4.1 Introduction 20
4.2 Data Presentation and Analysis Demographic Data 20
4.3 Discussion and Findings 31
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Introduction 33
5.2 Summary of Findings 33
5.3 Conclusion 33
5.4 Recommendations 34
5.5 Suggestion for Further Studies 35
References 36
Appendices 37
viii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1.1: Showing Questionnaire Administration 20
Table 4.2.1: Sex Distribution of Respondents 20
Table 4.2.3: Age Distribution of Respondents 21
Table 4.2.4: Showing Educational Qualification of Respondents 21
Table 4.2.5: Showing Marital Status of Respondents 22
Table 4.2.6: showing Occupational Distribution of Respondents 22
Table 4.2.7: Showing Response of those who have DVD Machine 23
Table 4.2.8: Showing Response on difference between DVD Machine and VHS
Machine 23
Table 4.2.9: Response of those who said “Yes” to Question No VIII 24
Table 4.2.10: Showing Response on whether DVD gives better audio visual
Transmission 24
Table 4.2.11: Showing Response on whether Digital Television gives higher
Image quality than analogue 25
Table 4.2.12: Response rate in differences in sound quality between digital
television and analogue Television 25
Table 4.2.13: Response rate of those who agree that NTA Enugu broadcasting
station have computer equipment. 26
Table 4.2.14: Response rate on the use of computer component i.e. flash drive in data
gathering and processing 26
Table 4.2.15: Response for those who think Computer storage and retrieval
system is faster 27
Table 4.2.16: Response rate on if Telephone (Mobile Phones) erased or improved
information gathering? 27
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Table 4.2.17: Response Rate on if the Operators of Gadgets are Computer
Literate 28
Table 4.2.17: Response rate on if recruitment of computer literates and digital
technologist promote success in transmission. 28
Table 4.2.18: Response Rate on if digitalization integrate the computer and
television for improved services 29
Table 4.2.19: Response Rate on if NTA Enugu Broadcasting Station have OB
Van 29
Table 4.2.20: Response rate on those who agree that digital OB Van is less
painstaking in terms of operation than analogue equipment. 30
Table 4.2.21 Response rate on Internet reception in Nigeria. 30
Table 4.2.22: Response rate on the audio and visual quality of a Digital
Television 31
x
Abstract
The purpose of embarking on this study was to provide a well-detailed account on the
impact of digitization of the Broadcasting Media in Nigeria. The study ascertained the
level of media digitization in Nigerian Television Authority, Enugu (NTA) in this Era
of ICT and internet operations. The researcher used survey research design to enable
her determine the sample size which is 150 through the appropriate statistical method
to represent the population of the study. Survey Research Method was employed in
the collection of data because it is easier to sought people’s opinion using
questionnaire. Data gathered from the study were analyzed and interpreted using
simple percentage and tables. Also summary of findings, conclusion and
recommendations were made on the study for future studies.
1
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Unlike many other inventions throughout history, the history of the television
credits many inventors instead of just one. In this case, there were many inventors
working on the idea of watching pictures on the screen.
The earliest proposal was in 1908, in a paper by A.A Campbell-Swinton which
postulated the use of Cathode rays. The First Practical demonstrations of television,
however, were developed using electromechanical methods to scan, transmit, and
reproduce image. As electronic camera and display tubes were perfected,
electromechanical television gave way to all-electronic systems in nearly all
applications.
The beginnings of mechanical television can be traced back to the discovery of
the photoconductivity of the element selenium by Willoughby by Smith in 1873, the
invention of a scanning disk by Paul Gottlieb Nipkow in 1884 and John Logie Baird’s
demonstration of televised moving Images in 1926. (Wikipedia, 2010).
A 23 year old German University student, Paul Nipkow proposed and patented
the first electromechanical television system in 1884. Although he never built a
working model of the system, variations of Nipkow’s spinning – disk “image
rasterizer” for television became exceedingly common, and remained in use until
1939. Constantin Perskyi coined the word television in a paper read to the
International Electricity Congress at the international world fair in Paris on August
2
25, 1900. Perskyi’s paper reviewed the existing electromechanical technologies,
mentioning the work of Nipkow and others.
However, it was not until 1907 that developments in amplification tube
technology, by Lee Deforest and Arthur Kom among others, made the design
practical. The first demonstration of the instantaneous transmission of still Sillhoutte
images was by Georges Rigrioux and as a Fournier in Paris in 1909, using a rotating
mirror – drum as the scanner and a matrix of 64 selenium cells as the receiver.
In 1911, Boris Rosing and his student Vladimir Zworykin created a television
system that used a mechanical mirror – drum scanner to transmit, in Zworykin’s
words, “very crude images” over wires to the “Braun Tube” (Cathode ray tube or
“CRT”) in the receiver. Moving images were not possible because, in the scanner,
“the sensitivity was not enough and the selenium cell was very laggy”. On March 25,
1925, Scottish Inventor John Logie Baird gave the first public demonstration of
televised silhouette images in motion, at Selfridge’s Department store in London. AT
& T’s bell Telephone laboratories transmitted halftone still images of transparencies
in May 1925. On June 13 of that year, Charles Frances Jenkins transmitted the
silhouette image of a toy windmill in motion, over a distance of five miles from a
naval radio station in Maryland to his laboratory in Washington, using a lensed disk
scanner with a 48-line resolution.
However, if Television is defined as the live transmission of moving images
with continuous tonal variation, Baird first achieved this privately on October 2, 1925.
But strictly speaking Baird had not yet achieved moving images on October 2. His
scanner worked at only five images, per second, below the threshold required to give
3
the illusion of motion usually defined as at least 12 images per second. By January, he
had improved the scan rate to 12.5 images per second.
Television Broadcasting in Nigeria started with the initiative of the first
Western Region premier Chief Obafemi Awolowo who on October 31, 1959 launched
television broadcasting at Ibadan the head quarters of the region. The Western Region
went into partnership with the Overseas Rediffusion Limited. The Western Nigerian
Radiovision services limited were created with the responsibility of radio and
television broadcasting under one management.
Nigeria as the giant of Africa has to her credit, the first television outfit in
Africa, the Western Nigeria Television (WNTV) on NTA Ibadan. The emergence of
what is known today as Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) was borne out of the
sheer desire to cater for the crying needs of variegated audience in terms of News
gathering, packaging and transmission; this became the second oldest station after
(WNTV) resuming transmission on 1st October, 1960. The Degree No 24 of 1977
caused all existing television stations in the country to be taken over by the federal
government and then led to a change of name to Nigerian Television Authority
(NTA).
However, television broadcasting in Nigeria since inception has been
transmitting through analogue television which use complete waves to transmit
pictures and sounds. The major drawback of this is that location plays an integral
factor, disabling, distorting images and audio on Television in rural areas (Kombol:
2008, P. 13).
4
Over the years, television transmission had grown from strength to strength. It
moved from monochrome (black and white) to colour transmission and today we talk
of Digitization.
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) a United Nations
Organization body responsible for co-ordinating the use of Telecommunication
among nations in its 17th plenipotentiary conference in Turkey, ratified a treaty
engendering the digitization of broadcast in every member state before 2015. In
consonance with the above Treaty and with the intent to beat this deadline, the
national Broadcasting Commission which is Nigeria’s broadcast regulatory body gave
an ultimatum to Nigeria broadcast firms to digitalize its operations before 17 June
2012 or stand licence revocation. Three years ahead of the global deadline, the date
was however shifted because it is seen all over that the broadcasting industry was not
fully prepared for the digitization to kick off. A new date was then issued by the
Nigeria Broadcasting Commission where Mr. Yomi Bolarinwa, Director General,
national broadcasting commission announced to the whole world that Nigeria will
achieve the digitization of its broadcast stations by June 17 2015.
It is unarguable to state that to be in the leading position in today’s highly
technological and competitive media industry the world over, Nigeria must strive to
acquire and utilize state of-the-art information and communication technologies in its
daily news, programme transmission etc. Anything short of this will spell doom for
such media organization.
5
According to Anaeto et al (2008, P. 6) Information Communication
Technology has been the converging platform for different word of media
communication, information machine and technologies and equipment i.e. Radio,
Television, Computers, satellites, Fibre optic Cables, phones, Facsimile machine etc.
Consequently, the acquisition, utilization and application of information
communication technology in media practice today makes the world activity less
cumbersome, faster and error proof. The foregoing views is in tenderm with realistic
scholarly position’ adopted by Maid (1996, P:13), who posits that new information,
communication technologies have revolutionized information gathering, processing,
storage, retrieval and transmission, making information available even more widely,
rapidly and less expensive. They do not only gather, process and disseminate
information, they can also arrange, marshall and select information rapidly.
Inspite of the above merits, the truth still remains that acquisition and
application of these advanced media, technologies by media outfits in Nigeria
especially the government owned stations in their gathering, packaging and
transmission equipment is still insufficient.
Indeed, the recent survey carried out in a bid to ascertain the current state of
acquisition and utilization of ICT facilities by NTA Enugu Channel 8, which is the
study of this project, clearly depicts that the station has not fully embraced this trend
in the overall packaging and transmission of News and programmes.
Ibeh (2009), Deputy Director Engineering, NTA seems to agree with the
foregoing viewpoint when he stated that although the station has technologies in the
6
packaging and transmission of its news programme, yet such sophisticated
communication equipment are still inadequate.
The above viewpoint throws more light to challenges and hindrance of
digitization of media broadcast which is a progeny of information communication
technology. It also presupposes that inspite of the much – touted technological
improvement, there are still gaps in the media world especially in developing
countries like Nigeria.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) in its annual stations on TV
and radio broadcast in Nigeria, observed that most private and public owned
broadcast media outfit are yet to make digital transmission part of their daily
broadcasting and even those who are into it are partially implementing it. This
research intends to look at the impact of the digitization of the Nigeria broadcasting
media. The focus is on NTA Enugu.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
i. To identify problems hindering the digitization of broadcasting in Nigeria.
ii. To evaluate the possible way of meeting these challenges.
iii. To understand the socio-economic advantages of digitizing in the broadcasting
industry.
7
1.4 Research Questions
The research questions involved in this study were as follows:-
1. To what extent is the digitization of TV broadcast going to enhance audio
visual transmission?
2. How can Information and Communication Technology equipment facilitate
digital broadcasting?
3. Does Digital television have advantages over Analogue broadcasting?
1.5 Scope of the Study
This study focuses on the challenges and possibilities of digital broadcasting
in Nigeria, using NTA Enugu Channel 8 as study area.
1.6 Significance of the Study
This study is timely because it is on one of the most current and prominent
issues. Today, there is intense competition in broadcasting industry all over the world.
Also, the study will be of immense benefit to Nigerians especially media
professionals as it focuses on providing possible sensitization on making digitization a
reality.
It is expected that this, will shade more light on where and how media outfit
will deliver quality services to the satisfaction of the teaming audience.
Finally, students of mass communication will also find the work useful as it
touches on their area of specialization.
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1.7 The Key Terms used in the topic of the Study are defined operationally
thus:
Impact: The influence and impression created by television
programmes.
Digitization: This means the use of digital data rather than analogue
waveforms to carry broadcasting over television channel.
Broadcast Media: This means one of the mass media channels that make use of
television and radio
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