ABSTRACT
The main focus of this research work is to examine the role of Mass Media in enhancing free and
fair elections in Nigeria. Mass media is considered as the fourth estate of government charged
with Surveillance functions. However, The Mass Media performs functions such as educating,
entertaining and mobilizing the people to participate in the political and governance process. In
this regard, the broad objective of this study is to investigate the role of the mass media in
achieving a free and fair election in Nigeria.
The information collated will be presented and analysed and the hypothesis will be equally tested
in which to ascertain if the Mass Media plays a major role in enhancing free and fair elections in
Nigeria.
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Contents
CERTIFICATION……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ii
DEDICATION………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. iv
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. vi
Contents…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… vii
CHAPTER ONE ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1
1.0 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1
1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION………………………………………………………………………………………………1
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM ……………………………………………………………………………………………………2
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY ……………………………………………………………………………………………………4
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS……………………………………………………………………………………………………4
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS………………………………………………………………………………………………….5
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY………………………………………………………………………………………………..5
1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………6
1.7 LIMITATIONS ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………6
1.8 ORGANISATION OF STUDY……………………………………………………………………………………………………6
CHAPTER TWO …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….7
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….7
2.1 ASCRIBED ROLES OF MASS MEDIA………………………………………………………………………………………8
2.2 BETWEEN MASS MEDIA AND ELECTIONS IN NIGERIA……………………………………………………………11
2.3 THE INFLUENCIAL ROLE OF NIGERIAN MASS MEDIA IN 2011 GENERAL ELECTIONS …………………13
2.4 MEDIA OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL……………………………………………………………………………………15
2.5 PATTERNS OF MEDIA OWNERSHIP …………………………………………………………………………………….15
2.6 METHODS OF EXERCISING CONTROL OVER THE MEDIA………………………………………………………..16
2.7 PRESS FREEDOM AND MASS MEDIA CHALLENGES IN NIGERIA ………………………………………………18
2.8 CONSTITIONAL GUARANTEES FOR PRESS FREEDOM…………………………………………………………….18
2.8.1 Limits to Press Freedom in Nigeria ……………………………………………………………………………..19
2.9 THEORITICAL FRAME WORK………………………………………………………………………………………………21
2.9.1 AUDIENCE THEORY………………………………………………………………………………………………..21
2.9.2 AGENDA- SETTING THEORY…………………………………………………………………………………..22
CHAPTER THREE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………24
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3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………………………………………………………………………………24
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….24
3.2 RESEARCH POPULATION …………………………………………………………………………………………………….24
3.3 SAMPLES AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE…………………………………………………………………………………24
3.4 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS ………………………………………………………………………………………………..25
3.5 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF INSTRUMENTS……………………………………………………………………….25
3.6 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION………………………………………………………………………………………26
3.7 DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE …………………………………………………………………………………………….26
CHAPTER FOUR ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….27
Frequency Table for the Bio-Data …………………………………………………………………………………………27
TESTING HYHPOTHESIS 1:………………………………………………………………………………………………32
TESTING HYPOTHESIS 2: ………………………………………………………………………………………………..35
TESTING HYPOTHESIS 3: ………………………………………………………………………………………………..38
CHAPTER FIVE ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………41
5.1 SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..41
5.2 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….42
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS……………………………………………………………………………………………………43
BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..45
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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
The political culture and structure of elections in Nigeria have been fraught with violence. This
has, in a way or another, informed the role of the mass media in using several of its programmes
for the enlightening of both the electorate and members of political parties, in regards to the
necessity of addressing factors inducing political violence and the act itself, before, during and
after elections.
In the light of this, a report by the Human Rights Watch (April and May 2007-20011, 12) claims
that virtually all elections held since Nigeria‟s independence till the 2011 general elections have
been riddled with political violence, fraud, assassination, ballot stuffing, and kidnapping by
political thugs. As such, Onwudiwe and Berwind-Dart (2010) identify the varying complex
political issues that Nigerians and the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) have
to address if the country is to witness the conduct of a free and fair election. Against this
backdrop, both the mass media and some other interested organizations have embarked on
national campaigns to sensitize the electorates to the compulsive need to refrain from all formats
of political violence during and after electioneering periods; an approach believed, if
painstakingly adhered to, would enhance free and fair elections in Nigeria.
The foregoing notwithstanding, INEC is yet to successfully conduct any peaceful election within
the polity. As such the 2007 elections that the Maurice Iwu led INEC organized turned out as a
complete letdown, and was seriously criticized by both local and foreign media; even as the
international community acerbically regarded the election as high level of fraud and rigged
election.
Given the attendant flaws, late President Musa Yar‟adua called for and inaugurated an Electoral
Reform Act in 2010, through the collaboration of a nominating committee, chaired by Justice
Uwais and the National House of Assembly, both of which took turn to consider the issue of free
and fair elections in Nigeria. In spite of this, the panel could not present a positive consequence.
This thus led to the emergence of Professor Attairu Jega as the new INEC chairman, and was
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saddled with the responsibility of ensuring that the 2011 general election was not only peaceful,
but free and fair. And for this arduous venture, President Goodluck Jonathan, in an acting
capacity, released about 84billion naira to INEC .In the light of this, one realizes that the socioeconomic and politico-diplomatic gamut‟s of the polity needs complete overhaul; a situation that
made Anaeto and Anaeto (2010, 34) to insist that African countries have seriously witnessed
many serious challenges in the socio-cultural politico-economic, and developmental dimensions
of their existence. As such, the varying dimensions of insurgency and the attendant insecurity
cannot be excused within Nigeria.
An interesting fact however is that the mass media within Nigeria have been up and doing;
particularly as concerns the discharge of the necessary ethical standard thus, they seriously
engage in informing;, educating and entertaining, as conventionally required of them; and in the
persuasion of the bulk of the masses towards the sustenance of the existing relative peace and
stability within the country‟s confines. A graphic manifestation of this was during the 2011
general elections when the mass media served the purpose of transmitting the election results of
the voting in each state of the country immediately as such results were turned in. Thus, the mass
media assisted in the curbing of the electoral violence, which was the fallout of the numerous
anomalies perpetrated during the elections.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Interaction with people and the dissemination of information are requisite for the proper
functioning of every political system and/or society. Such information, meant to broaden the
knowledge of the populace, could be accessed directly or indirectly through sources such as
other individuals and groups with which such a person might have handsome levels of
interaction. More so is the crucial role of the mass media (print or electronic) through which vital
information circulates within the global system..Beyond serving as an adequate conduit for the
dissemination of tangible information, particularly from the government to the citizens, some
other important functions of the media, as Ayeni and Akeke (2008) argue, incorporate.
a. enlightening both the government and the mass of the citizens about significant developments
within the society in a clear and accurate manner that would enable them to make informed
policies and choices as the case may be; and
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b. mobilize the people to participate in the political and governance process.
In spite of steady rise in the number of media houses in Nigeria, the present structure of the mass
media in the country is yet to tangibly allow for the actualization of the above stated roles.
Nigeria has the largest press community in Africa, followed by South Africa and Kenya (Parker,
1995).Ogbodo (1995) conservatively put the number of publications (weeklies, dailies, and
magazines) at 116; although a number of these are presently going moribund. A more recent
summation of media organizations in Nigeria places the number of regular newspaper at 78,
magazines at 45, television stations at 52 and radio stations at 31 (Oseni, 2000).
While the print media have been very dynamic due to private involvement, their shortcomings lie
in the limitation of their reach. This limitation covers economic, content and availability
dimensions. The poor economic nature of the country does not necessarily allow affordability of
the newspapers and magazines; consequentially, this leads to the problem of access; since the
media organizations will not necessarily produce copies that are more than the number they can
conveniently sell. Beside this, the print medium is limited to the literate members of the society,
thus, large unlettered population cannot be reached by this medium.
In broadcasting, while the deregulation of the industry from 1992 has brought little change
allowing for divergent views through the private stations, the problem of monopolization is still
much in place. The monopoly enjoyed by the government media continued to be perpetuated by
the exorbitant annual license fee charged by the National Broadcasting Commission. This
situation puts the private stations at a disadvantage as they have to compete with government
owned stations, which are not subjected to the same payment.
This challenge, coupled with the commercial interest of the private media stations, does not
allow for the effective dispensing of responsibility expected of media houses in democratic
societies. This is because they have to, of necessity; first succeed as business ventures before
taking public interests and services into tangible consideration. Consequently, most of their
programmes are titled towards fulfilling their business goals. Thus, their programmes are mostly
alien, elitist and/or mimic of foreign programmes; not just in content, but also in the presentation
of the entertainment menu aimed at audience maximization (Ayankojo, 2003).
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The government-owned media on the other hand, most times are mere loud-speakers of and/or
propagandist machines for the incumbent administration. The fallout of this is the sheer
presentation of politico-economic elites‟ interests as(representative of) public interests; Hence,
the needful leveled playing ground that might enhance the rightful (re)presentation of opposing
views, which could be constructive, by different interest groups, are not provided. In spite of the
observed challenges, extant literature claim that mass media is assuming a serious tool of
democracy in the Nigerian polity. This study does not seek to join issues with such literature;
rather it is meant to tangibly illumine the role of the mass media in the achievement of a free and
fair election in Nigeria; even as the country heads to the poll in 2015.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
The broad objective of this study is to investigate the role of the mass media in achieving a free
and fair election in Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study are to:
a. Examine the approaches that the mass media adopt in providing the public with necessary
Political information;
b. Identify the extent to which the mass media could get involved in political reporting; and
c. Analyze the contributions of the mass media to the conduct of a free and fair election in
Nigeria.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
This study seeks to provide answers to the following questions:
a. What do you regard as the role of the mass media in politics?
b. In your opinion, how can the mass media enhance a free and fair election?
c. What strategy should the mass media adopt in order to provide appropriate political
information to the public?
d. How would you regard the involvement of the media in political reporting?
e. Is there any significant relationship between media contents and mass mobilization for
participation in electoral processes?
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1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
A hypothesis is an idea or explanation for something that is based on facts but which has not yet
been proved. The more explicit and focused a research is, the easier it is to develop a hypothesis
from it. A hypothesis formulates a relation, which then will be tested empirically.
To focus the study more sharply, the following hypotheses are meant to be tested:
H1- the mass Media plays a major role in enhancing free and fair election in Nigeria.
H0- the mass Media does not play major role in enhancing free and fair election in Nigeria
H1- the constant intrusion of the Nigerian government in the government owned media serves as
Serious impediment to objective media reporting of free and fair elections in Nigeria
H0- the constant intrusion of the Nigerian government in the government owned media does not
Serve as inhibition to objective media reporting in the country
H1- the commercial interests of private owned media in Nigeria serve as limitation to objective
Reporting of free and fair elections in Nigeria
H0- the commercial interests of private owned media in Nigeria enhance objective media
Reporting of free and fair elections in Nigeria
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The study is an attempt to evaluate the role of the mass media in deepening the experience of
free and fair elections in Nigeria. This work is of immense relevance to the mass of the Nigerian
population; this becomes so since it assists in educating the citizenry on the major roles the mass
media either play or can play in enhancing free and fair elections. More so, the study is useful to
the Nigerian government and its institutions, particularly the Independent National Electoral
Commission (INEC) that is saddled with the conduct of elections, by presenting tangible them
with tangible information as regards the impact that the mass media brings to bear on elections
and electioneering processes.
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1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY
As the topic suggest, this study covered the Nigeria mass media but for the course of
specialization, firstly this work centered on the print and Electronic media in Nigeria (The print
media: Newspapers, magazines, Electronic media; Radio, Television etc.) Secondly, we
examined the role of mass media in enhancing free and fair elections in 2011 General elections
in Nigeria.
1.7 LIMITATIONS
Although Nigeria has been witnessing the dynamics entailed in democracy for sixteen years;
even as the country is set to experiment with another election; one would have expected that
robust data would be waiting for harvest. This however happens to be a misconception since the
needful data were seriously lacking in the library of the media houses contacted. Much more
however is the difficulty encountered in accessing the data banks of most of the media houses.
This limitation was however subsumed through the use of the responses of the interviewees,
most of whom proved to be adequately knowledgeable about the study.
1.8 ORGANISATION OF STUDY
This study is delineated into five chapters. The first chapter, which is the introductory section,
incorporates the background of the study, hypothesis, research questions, as well as the scope of
the study and limitations to it. Entailed in the next chapter are conceptual clarification and the
theoretical framework, while the chapter three is concerned with the methodology adopted for
achieving the set objectives of the study.
More than the foregoing is the fourth chapter in which the collected data were subjected to
serious analysis. Lastly, the conclusion drawn, summary, and recommendations of the study are
tangibly set out in the chapter five
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