CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
The influence of colonialism on Nigeria cannot be over emphasized. The
influx of white explorers, traders and missionaries led to the development of
settlements that differed from the traditional domestic environment. These new
settlements were designed to reflect the norms, values and economic policies of
the colonial masters.Africa, the land of blessed race, where the opportunists
came to develop in order to colonize their resources for their good, was then left
in vain hope(Allen, 2011).
Although primarily established for white settlers, the new settlements
known as urban areas or township also served as a refuge for appreciable number
of Africans who had in some substantial degree emancipated themselves from the
constraints of traditional society. Among them were professional men, clerks and
shop keepers with at least primary education, growing numbers of wage-earners
and large number of farmers receiving cash income from growing crops for world
market (Fage, 1978).
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The projection of industrial capitalism in Africa produced well-defined
urban classes’ people with technical skills. They wanted to lift themselves into the
twentieth century world modestly symbolized by radios and bicycles and to enjoy
freedom based on knowledge and a more advanced mode of production. These
ambitions were feasible only in an urban settlement. Aba is reputed as a big
commercial city. It is predominantly inhabited by businessmen of various
persuasions traders, big – time technicians and craftsmen, importers and
exporters transporters etc. Even the few professionals like Teachers, Doctors,
Lawyers, Accountants, and Engineers etc. have unwittingly imbibed the
commercial tradition of the dominant group.
In Aba you are either a businessman or you are nobody. In fact the
influence of commerce is so pervading that the market unions have come to
connote the defacto government or power broker in all of Aba. The defunct
famous Bakassi Vigilante Group was composed of traders and craftsmen. The
commercial nature of Aba has also influence the attitude and life style of most
residents. The rat-race syndrome is very pronounced. Everything is measured in
terms of its worth in money. People do not have time for anything else but
money. Parents do not even have time for their children. In some cases the
children are surrounded by paid cooks, drivers and house boy/maids who attend
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to their needs while their parents are busy making money. This creates room for
child abuse through neglect and over indulgence by parents. We can observe that
the environment regulates the social, religious, academic and cultural inclinations
of the child as other less fortunate children are abused through exploitation. For
example, those employed as shop assistants may sleep in the shops. The typical
day starts for such children of about 5.30am. The business continues up to 9pm
since there is no legislation on shopping hours in Nigeria. Children serving as
house helps are in similar situation. They wake up about 5:30 am and do
household chores up to 7:30 am or even later. Some of these servants who attend
school go to school already very tired. In some cases they walk a distance to
school thereby worsening the situation. About 2.00pm when the school closes
they go home to continue the household chores or carry clothes to sell in the
streets. They come back late in the evening tired and sleep off. This routine is
performed almost daily at the expense of the children’s studies. The child who
hopes to grow up and become a professional is subjected to social constraints
that are likely to obstruct his progress. Some of the constraints are child labour,
street hawking, street begging, early marriage, child abandonment, child
prostitution, child battering, sexual and physical abuse and therapeutic abuse by
fake traditional healers (Ebigbo, 1988, Echezona, 1991). The environment is
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characterized by models that cherish aggression act-rich syndrome, substance
level ambition and disregard of Education.
It is also necessary to note that the surrounding or environment of a student
influences their performance. Learning and reading begins in school but the first
foundation of the child begins at home (Binkley 2008).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The poor academic performance of pupils in schools in Aba educational
environment has recently become a cause for serious concern. It has been
observed by the researcher that some senior primary school pupils cannot write
or read a letter. Others attend as many as three schools within their primary
school career due to constant failures in a bid to avoid the shame of repeating a
class. It has also been observed by the researcher that in Aba and some other
parts of Nigeria private school proprietors tend to boost the population of their
schools by admitting students without a testimonial or statement of result and
award fictitious results to ensure the promotion of such pupils to the next class.
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This ugly development has been attributed to many factors such as teachers’ poor
attitude to work; poor infrastructure, examination malpractice; lack of qualified
teachers; truancy; poor motivation; Non-payment of salaries and the neglect of
instructional media by teachers etc. The primary school features the highest
number of impressionable learners and consumes a greater percentage of the
government budgetary allocation to education, hence the need to investigate the
influence of environment on the academic performance of pupils in Aba North
L.G.A.
1.3 Research Questions
The following research questions were formulated to guide the research.
1.) Does noise pollution hinder the development of memorization skills by
pupils?
2.) Does the presence of rich but illiterate businessmen discourage excellent
academic performance or behaviour in class?
3.) Do Pupils who indulge in so much domestic chores have poor academic
performance than pupils who do not?
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1.4 Objectives of the Study
The general objective of this study is to investigate the influence of environment
on the academic performance of primary school pupils. The following specific
objectives are to guide the study:
1. To determine the extent to which a noisy environment hinders the
development of memorization skills by primary school pupils.
2. To find outhow the presence of illiterate but rich businessmen affect the
behaviour of primary school pupils towards learning.
3. To ascertain the ways in which the home environment affects the
performance of primary school pupils at school.
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study on the influence of environment on the academic performance of
pupils in primary school will facilitate learning by enriching the knowledge of
parents on the adverse effect of child labour and hawking on learning. It will
create awareness on the importance of interaction and co-operation between
parents and teachers for the success of pupils in learning activities. It will improve
the attitude of pupils towards academic work through internal and external
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motivation of teachers and parents. It will contribute to the volume of existing
literature on the role of environment factors on pupils learning. It also will
sharpen teachers understanding of the root causes of some academic problems in
the primary school. The insight derived from that will help to prefer better
solution to the problem. It will promote the development of the spirit of hard
work, self-reliance and self-control among primary schools pupils.
The result gotten from this study will challenge the ministry of education to
live up to her duty by making the infrastructure available for the creation of
better learning environment. This study will highlight the importance of
community participation through the P.T.A. in school affairs to check deviant
behaviour resulting from the environment. Finally, it also will highlight the danger
of monetized value system with its attendant; ‘corruption’ because money is only
useful and valuable in the hands of an informed person.
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1.6 Definition of Concepts
The following concepts were defined:
Influence:
According to the Sun Mobile Dictionary, the term influence is the “power to
affect another”. The Oxford Advanced learner’s dictionary defines influence as
“the effect that somebody or something has on the way a person thinks or
behaves or on the way that something works or develops”. The concept influence,
as related directly to this study, refers to the power the environment has on the
academic performance of pupils,more especially, in Aba North Local government
area of Abia State.
Environment:
The Sun Mobile Dictionary defines Environment as “surrounding, things,
conditions, etc.” The Oxford Advanced learner’s dictionary defines it as “the
conditions that affects the behaviour and development of somebody or
something; the physical conditions that somebody or something exists in”. In
essence, the concept environment refers to thesurrounding of primary schools in
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Aba North LGA. It can also be defined as the conditions that affect the behavior
and development of pupils especially in primary schools.
Academy:
The Sun mobile dictionary refers to the concept academy as a “school”. A
school on the other hand is a place of learning. A school is a place where children
are thought (Oxford mini School Dictionary: 2007). A primary school can therefore
be called an Academy.
Performance:
The Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary defines the term performance as “How
well or badly you do something”. Performance as directly related to this study can
also be defined as how well or badly pupils of Primary schools do in there
academic work.
Academic Performance:
This can be define as the score a child or individual obtain in test or examination
based on his or her learning experiences.
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Socio status:
This is the total state of an individual based on inequality in terms of occupation,
level of education and other societal issues defined by the environment.
Socio- culturalbackground:
This is the social and cultural makeup of an individual in relationship with his or
her environment.
Education:
This is a formal instruction or training given to a child in school. According to the
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th edition of the Oxford dictionary, it is a process of teaching, training and
learning, especially in schools or colleges to improve knowledge and develop
skills
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