CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyse, manage, and present all types of geographical data. The acronym GIS is sometimes used for geographical information science or geospatial information studies to refer to the academic discipline or career of working with geographic information systems. In the simplest terms, GIS is the merging of cartography, statistical analysis, and database technology.
A GIS can be thought of as a system – it digitally creates and “manipulates” spatial areas that may be jurisdictional, purpose, or application-oriented. Generally, a GIS is custom-designed for an organization. Hence, a GIS developed for an application, jurisdiction, enterprise, or purpose may not be necessarily interoperable or compatible with a GIS that has been developed for some other application, jurisdiction, enterprise, or purpose. What goes beyond a GIS is a spatial data infrastructure, a concept that has no such restrictive boundaries.
Man has always used geographical information. Geographical features and data gathering form part of our everyday lives. Indeed, most of the decisions we make on a daily basis are influenced by some aspects of geography. Hence, one would be right to say that, generally speaking, geographical information system is as old as man himself. However, this project centers on modern geographical information system. The recent technology, which is computer system has made it possible for the recent item resolve numerous project or tasks would have not be so easy to reach a great success (Heywood, & Cornelius, 2017). With powerful but easy to use software, the computer can crunch number, analyze vast pool of data or simulator complex physical and logical process and displaying the result output as information. One reason information play such a large role in an organization and affects so many people are as a result of the soaring power which has been doubting every now and then has improve the performance of the microprocessor and our daily live.
The soaring power of computer has spawned powerful communication and information the work at it is, the world has become a “Global Village”. The engineers and general clamors for distributed geographical report and increase access to the internet have generated the need for and important of the research project.
Geographical information system is the science underling the geographical concepts, application and system it is an application for business and government, choosing of site for business. Targeting market segments, planning distribution network responding to engines and or redrawing of site or cites boundaries, this entire problem involves the question system geography (Heywood, et al., 2017). However, in planning geographical information system, you choose a layer and then players of how it all works together. You choose what question you need to answer.
The development of computer based geographical information system will help to elimination ineffective mode of geographical data and reduce the stress involved in tracing a particular location in the company. Our area of focus will be a computer based Geographical information system, using Real Estate Department, Ajaokuta Steel Company Limited as a case study. This program will be designed and implemented on decision about and the view of the domain objects.
- Statement of the Problems
In nutshell, Considering the increase in demand for distributed geographical data to support information which has to do with efficiency and effectiveness involved and the time in locating and have the view of the domain object using the traditional methods, and also the disputes that can arise from properties boundaries, one does not need to hesitate at choosing more efficient system for locating and viewing geographical data.
Below are itemized problems observed in the existing system are:
- It takes a long time in locating the desired location in the Company due to traditional method of viewing or locating the geographical area of the Company.
- Lack of intensify mode of geographical description that can lead to disputes between two or more property owners.
- The traditional mode of operation is time consuming, less accurate and less efficient.
- Records loss: Information and records stored in cabinets could be physically damaged or lost due to theft.
- Aim and Objectives of the Study
The aim and objective of this research work is to design and implement a computerized geographical information system that will work towards the elimination of ineffective mode of geographical data.
The objectives of this study are as highlighted below;
- To develop a software that will intensify mode of geographical description for the company.
- To enable the users to easily access any desired geographical location in the company.
- To enables the head of the company to redraw the boundaries of GIS when the need arise.
- To give users the privilege to navigate around the map and check on offices and other features.
- To ensure easy flow of geographical information between the users and the company’s location.
- To develop a software that will keep geographical information of the company’s location.
1.4 Significance of the Study
With the growth in information technology, the study offers numerous benefits to the management of Real estate department, customers, and others. With geographical information system customers will enjoy an efficient system for locating the position of geographical reference data directly on maps and to have the view of the domain object. The new system will enable users to get access to geographical information of the Real estate department in Ajaokuta Steel Company Limited. Afterwards, further development can be made on the project work in accordance to the rapid development in information technology in the near future.
1.5 Scope of the Study
The scope of this project is limited to the development of a geographical information system mainly for Real estate department, Ajaokuta Steel Company Limited considering the geographical information system. This project is connected with seeing and sight; directly tracing the company’s location and having view for the domain object. The boundaries of this work are centered on the concept, nature and the theoretical framework of Geographical information system.
1.6 Limitations of Study
Some of the constraints that may have in one-way or another affected the outcome of this work include:
- Lack of adequate fund to finance the project: this was one of the limitation to this work because much money is needed to carry out a detailed research work which is not easily borne by every student.
- The limited knowledge of ASP.net and Visual Basic programming was great challenge to this project. However, more research was made to complete this project successfully.
1.7 Definition of Terms
Attribute: It’s a characteristic of a geographic feature, typically stored in tabular format and linked to the feature in a relational database. The attributes of a well-represented point might include an identification number, address, and type.
Base Layer: It is a primary layer for spatial reference, upon which other layers are built. Examples of a base layer typically used are either the parcels, or street centerlines.
Buffer: It is a zone of a specified distance around a feature.
Computer: It is an electronic device operating the control of instructions stored in its memory that can accept data (input) manipulate the data according to a specified rules (processing) produces result output and stores the result for future use.
Coordinate: An x, y location in a Cartesian coordinate system or an x, y, z coordinate in a three dimensional system. Coordinates represent locations on the Earth’s surface relative to other locations.
Data processing: is defined as the entire process of converting or manipulating data into definite meaningful information (Adigwe, & Okoye, 2015).
Data: It is the facts collected for decision making they are facts that are kept to be processed to get more information.
Database Management System (DBMS): it is software which controls the flow of data and checks and checks on how data are stored.
Database: is an organized /unique collection of related files. It is a collection of schemas, tables, queries, reports, views and other object.
Demand: It is the amount requires by sales or production.
Design: is the art or process of designing how something will look, work.
Documentation: material that provides official information or evidence that serves as record; written specifications and information that describes the product.
Electronic Data Processing Equipment (EDP): it is a machine that performs the work of data manipulation.
Geocode: The process of identifying a location by one or more attributes from a base layer.
Geographic Information System: This is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of spatial or geographical data. In a general sense, the term describes any information system that integrates, stores, edits, analyzes, shares, and displays geographic information.
Information: is a processed data that can be read and understand.
Land: Land is the solid surface of the Earth that is not permanently covered by water. The vast majority of human activity occurs in land areas that support agriculture, habitat, and various natural resources.
Management Information System (MIS): Information system that generates accurate timely and organized information so that manager and other user can make decision, solve problem supervise activities and track progress.
Management: Management is the function that coordinates the efforts of people to accomplish goals and objectives by using available resources efficiently and effectively. It includes planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization or a system to accomplish a goal.
Property: Property is one or more components (rather than attributes), whether physical or incorporeal, of a person’s estate; or so belonging to a person or jointly owned by a group of people or a legal entity like a corporation or even a society.
Security: This helps to prevent unauthorized users from illegally accessing certain data within the database, it protects your data/ files.
Software: These are set of logically related instructions given to the computer to perform some specific task.
Spatial Analysis: The process of modeling, examining, and interpreting model results. Spatial analysis is useful for evaluating suitability and capability, for estimating and predicting, and for interpreting and understanding.
Survey: This can be seen as the mapping of the properties and varieties of soil in a given area. It could also mean the locating of structures relative to a reference line, used in the construction of buildings, roads, mines, and tunnels.
System: A system is a set of interacting or interdependent components forming an integrated whole. Every system is delineated by its spatial and temporal boundaries, surrounded and influenced by its environment, described by its structure and purpose and expressed in its functioning.
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